Global Warming Controversy in Political Perspective

An unnatural weather change Controversy in Political Perspective Raihan JamilENGL-1005Alison Grifa Ismaili Previous leader of the United States, Barack Obama said I am frequently asked whether I have confidence in Global Warming. I now simply answer with the inquiry: Do you put stock in gravity? cited in Washington Post (Samenow, 2011, p. LZ01). Barack Obama expressed Global Warming as a set up reality. Then again, current leader of the United States, Donald Trump communicated the contrary view. He expressed, The idea of a worldwide temperature alteration was made by the Chinese so as to make U.S. fabricating non-serious cited in New York Times (Edward Wong, 2015, P. wa23). Unmistakably the thought an Earth-wide temperature boost has been moved from dark logical certainty to open tension and universal political administrative intrigue. The world is confronting an uncommon arrangement of difficulties to address a dangerous atmospheric devation. Universal associations have attempted to set up a changed arrangement to adapt to the circumstance however political contradictions, open tension a nd doubt make it hard to confront the difficulties of an Earth-wide temperature boost. The reason for this article is to explain the discussion of a dangerous atmospheric devation in a logical view identifying with political contention. As per the French relativist humanist Cyril Lemieux debates, which are clashes, consistently have a triadic structure. It implies that there are consistently circumstances where the restriction between two gatherings is arranged before an open of friends (Lemieux, 2007, P. 59). From the above perspective, there is a contrast between logical information and different structures, on the grounds that logical information must to experience peer audit. That doesn't imply that the logical information is completely evident. The more the non-masters are set to a place of judgment, the more it might want to be a debate. Political interests got this institutional emergency. As indicated by Zajoke (2011) in his article, the logical perspective has not changed much about the a worldwide temperature alteration yet open comprehension has changed. Political recognition affected this change (P. 459). All in all, the consuming inquiry is, the reason is a dangerous atmospheric devation so associated with worldwide governmental issues? To comprehend the relationship of an Earth-wide temperature boost to worldwide governmental issues, it is important to comprehend the dependable realities of a dangerous atmospheric devation. In basic manner, an Earth-wide temperature boost can be characterized as the marvel of expanding the earths temperature. This expansion occurs because of catching warmth in the earths environment originating from the close planetary system. Warmth originating from the close planetary system has a shorter frequency yet when it restores, the frequency increments and gets caught and makes an unevenness of approaching and active warmth. This happens on account of the nearness of nursery gasses live in the environment and there is an immediate connection between nursery gasses and mechanical action. History says, there was no huge change in the temperature of the Eart h up to 1890s, however in the twentieth century, the universes temperature has expanded by and drawn a merited worry for mankind. This may prompt our planets upheaval. A great part of the earth surface may go under ocean water. Mechanical movement delivers increasingly nursery gasses which are believed to be liable for the worldwide temperature rise. In this way, the mechanical exercises of the created nations are increasingly liable for the ascent of worldwide temperature yet the creating nations are in the most powerless circumstances. For what reason would it be a good idea for one to gathering of individuals bear the negative impacts of anothers action? This is the explanation that the worldwide governmental issues is firmly associated with a dangerous atmospheric devation. The universal specialists have attempted to set up guidelines to lessen the measure of nursery gasses and to repay the influenced nations. Carbon charge is one case of such kind of pay. The ventures or nation s who are answerable for carbon discharge will take care of a duty as a punishment for the emanation. In any case, some incredible nations have dismissed this guideline and attempted to acquire this universes political stage (Demeritt, 2013, p. 49). Lawmakers regularly lie to refute the reality of a worldwide temperature alteration and attempt to make disputable circumstance. The historical backdrop of the earths land exercises are mind boggling and there are some logical discoveries that the a dangerous atmospheric devation is a cyclic procedure. Researchers guaranteed that few several multi year prior, the earth has encountered the temperature ascend as it is encountering now. However, clearly the worldwide temperature is rising. For the time being, the impact of a dangerous atmospheric devation cannot see without any problem. Be that as it may, in the long haul, it will make gigantic harm nature as it is a moderate procedure. Lawmakers regularly attempt to exploit logical predisposition by making individuals dubious about the reality. Teacher Tol from Sussex University referenced some momentary advantages of a dangerous atmospheric devation in his book named How Much Have Global Problems Cost the world? He said that an augmen tation of temperature up to 3 degree Celsius from which 0.80 degree Celsius has happened as of now over the most recent 150 years, has some advantageous impacts; for example, stronger plants, an increasingly different food gracefully, low vitality cost, better farming impacts, more extravagant bio decent variety, and lower death rate (Demeritt, 2001 p. 307). This is the built up certainty that the a worldwide temperature alteration is a moderate procedure and difficult to comprehend its impact. Individuals regularly get incredulous due to this trademark. Individuals need to accept eye getting things, and government officials attempt to exploit this. It is so natural to make disarray about a worldwide temperature alteration whose effects are scarcely seen in expansive point of view. A worldwide temperature alteration is a slow procedure of universes disaster. Its difficult to comprehend its immediate effect as it is a moderate procedure. Once more, the last effect is most likely obliterating however there are some clear points of interest inside as far as possible. World lawmakers should consider What they need to leave for the people to come?. They may get momentary financial profit by the discussion of an Earth-wide temperature boost, yet in the long haul, it would be a genuine calamity. The world ought to experience the reformistic approach so as to help balance a worldwide temperature alteration. References dApollonia, LS 2013, Global warming contention: A trojan pony of innovation, International Journal of Science in Society, 4, 41-50. Recovered from https://judithcurry.com/2013/10/15/an Earth-wide temperature boost a-trojan-horse-of-innovation/ Demeritt, D. (2001). The Construction of an Earth-wide temperature boost and the legislative issues of science. Archives of The Association of American Geographers, 91(2), 307. Recovered from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.195.6444rep=rep1type=pdf Lemieux, A. (2007). For what reason is planet Earth so tenable? Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 18-22. Recovered from http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeCAS.70Q.323K Samenow, J. (2011, May 24). An Earth-wide temperature boost in 2015 made climate increasingly extraordinary and its prone to deteriorate any ytimes. The Washington Post. Recovered https://www.washingtonpost.com/sentiments/climate in-2015-was-hotter and that's only the tip of the iceberg extraordinary than any time in recent memory and-its-feasible deteriorating/2016/01/20/8d. Wang, E. (2016, Nov. 19). Trump has called environmental change a chinese Hoax. Beijing Says It Is Anything But. The New York Times. Recovered from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/19/world/asia/china-trump-atmosphere change.html Zajko, M. (2011). The moving governmental issues of atmosphere science. Society, 48,457-461. Recovered from doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9477-9.

At least four general characteristics of materials handling contribute Essay

At any rate four general attributes of materials dealing with add to its inborn risk potential. Name and clarify four such attributes - Essay Example By and large absence of operational control may build the extent of inborn perils as it might cause either cause harm either to the administrator, the kindred specialists or the earth in changed blends and limits. Non-Identification of Hazardous Materials: The best possible recognizable proof and depiction of the degree of the hazard presented by a dangerous material must be very much aware to the individual taking care of it. Any lacuna in this would relatively build the characteristic peril capability of the material. Taking care of techniques remembering subtleties for the peril levels and dangers presented must be concentrated in detail before dealing with the material Proceeded with introduction of Hazardous materials: If perilous materials with are not detached and separated, it might prompt uncontrolled presentation of the equivalent to the individuals dealing with it which would add to the expansion of its latent capacity chance. In this manner such materials must be confined and made to be taken care of via prepared people Individual Safety Equipments: The best possible utilization of Personal Safety Equipments like gloves, goggles, wellbeing shoes, work coat, sunscreen is imperative to turn away the hazard presented by dangerous materials. Ill-advised utilization of these or not utilizing these while dealing with a perilous material builds the inborn risk capability of the

Why Trickle Down Economic Works in Theory But not in Fact

Why Trickle Down Economic Works in Theory But not in Fact It is the Social Contract that individuals submit part of their power to the Government because the Government is supposed to be better at distributing the resources of the nation in ways that will benefit the individual more than if they would do those investments themselves.  What happens when the resources are taxes, and it is questionable if the Government knows best or not? Worse, it is questioned why they are not taking the best decisions for the individuals, while they know full well their policy will not affect them for the better, but for the worse.Trickle-down economics has long been the subject of arguments between political parties and experts. Read the article to learn why. WHAT DOES TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS MEAN?By definition, trickle-down economics is a theory, the supporters of which believe that benefits for the wealthy will transfer, or trickle down, other actors in the economy. These benefits could take the form of tax cuts on corporations, high-income earners, tax r elief for capital gains and dividends.Trickle-down comes from the assumptions that agents in the economy such as investors, savers, and business owners are the ones that drive growth in an economy. It stipulates that they’ll use any extra wealth, generated from government regulations, such as tax cuts, to reinvest in businesses, thus expanding the economy. Stockholders will act upon planned acquisitions or buy stocks. Banks will increase loan offering thus transferring liquidity to the spenders. Business owners will create jobs. All of this growth is supposed to trickle down to employees, who, in their turn, will spend more and reinforce the economy. A rise in wages is supposed to further drive demand up and contribute to reinforcing the supply and demand cycle. HOW DOES IT WORK?In order to understand the theory of trickle-down economics, first you need to understand supply-side economics. What is supply-side economics?Supply-side is easy to understand when seen as a polar opposit e of Keynesian theory. Keynesianism stipulates that it is consumer demand that drives the economy. Consumers create need for products and services and offer money for them. That is supposed to be the factor that drives the decisions of the businesses (the supply) and thus, they are the original creator of growth. Therefore the Keynesian fiscal policy will support consumerism, and not just workers â€" consumers will be important regardless of whether they work or not. Infrastructure, benefits and education will be subject of great investments.Supply-side economics on the other side stipulates that increased supply is what will create economic growth. The drivers of that supply are capital, labor, entrepreneurship and land. Supply-side tax policies focuses on industry. Tax cuts and deregulation will be employed by the government to support businesses. Companies that benefit from this government support are supposed to create jobs. Hiring more workers overall is supposed to redistribut e the wealth from the businesses, through the wages to the workers, and, through spending, create flows back into the economy.The main course of action of supply-side economics is to create incentives for businesses to grow. Deregulation is supposed to eliminate restrictions to expansion and reduce the compliance costs. Businesses are then free to explore new fields and drive the economy up.Two types of tax cut are created. A corporate tax cut is supposed to free resources for businesses to hire more employees, invest in equipment and or increase their production of more goods and services.An income tax cut is supposed increase the absolute wage per hour ratio. It incentivizes workers demand of employment. More workers hired in the economy means higher production and better quality of service.What is the Laffer Curve?In order to understand better why lower taxes on the wealthy are connected to a boost of the economy, it will be helpful to explain the concept of the Laffer Curve.The concept is named after an economist called Arthur Laffer, who came up with the idea back in 1979.The Laffer Curve draws a relationship between tax cuts and government revenues. And that relationship is twofold. Immediately, Laffer stipulates there will be an arithmetic effect. Every dollar in tax cuts means one less dollar in government from the government’s budget. The second effect is supposed to be more longer-term. And that is, according to Laffer, the ‘economic’ effect.  Lower taxes increase the budgets, and therefore the spending, of taxpayers. It allows for higher production on the side of businesses who can now meet consumer demand. That will decrease unemployment, and lead to additional average increase in the household budget. More workers also means an increase in the tax base. Newly hired workers will be taxed, and that, in turn, will return the revenue to the government.How does trickle-down relate?Trickle-down theory is a special case supply-side economics, or a part of it. According to trickle-down, specific tax cuts are supposed to be targeted instead of just generally taking the side of businesses. As explained earlier, tax cuts will be provided to businesses, tax relieve will be applied to capital gains, and savings. Across-the-board tax cuts will not be a part of the strategy. Tax cuts will be provided to the more well-off, who are supposed to reinvest in the businesses and, with that, transfer funds to the less wealthy.Both trickle-down and supply-side economy can be explained via the Laffer Curve. It shows the exact relationship between the tax cuts, the economy growth, the rise of employment and the increase in the tax base â€" which is supposed to prove the wealth multiplication effect. Have in mind Arthur Laffer himself warns that this effect works is mostly applicable when taxes are in the Prohibitive Range. This is the tax range that starts from 100% taxation, down to a theoretical rate in the middle of the curve where taxes wil l not affect the businesses decision. In other words, an across-the-board tax cut for the wealthy is not necessary. An initial analysis is needed to establish if the current tax rate prevents businesses from actions that would grow the economy. WHO CREATED TRICKLE-DOWN ECONOMICS?There have been several times in history when regulations have been imposed by the government that provide tax cuts or tax relief to wealthy businesses and corporations in expectation to boost the economy in result. There is an argument to be made that those regulations were necessary at the time and those worked. Presidents Nixon and ReaganRonald Reagan is often named the creator of the trickle-down economy. President Reagan was, after two unsuccessful attempts to win the Republican Presidential nomination, elected for the president in1980, inheriting an economy that had just went through a very tough recession in the 1970’s marked by the worst stagnation America had ever experienced.Stagflation is a comb ination of three harmful economy factors a stagnation in the economic growth, high level of unemployment, and inflation. The average price of consumer good raises while at the same time the economy growth is limited. Usually demand decreases enough to halt inflation.Stagflation basically got its name during the 1973 1975 recession. Early signs of the recession were visible early into the presidential term of Richard Nixon. Nixon famously froze all wages and prices for 90 days. The Pay Board and Price Commission was appointed to approve any increases after afterwards â€" up until the 1972 presidential campaign. A 10% tariff on imports followed. Finally, Nixon removed the States from the Gold Standard. Raising the import prices caused GDP growth to slow down. By 1975 there had been five quarters when gross domestic product growth had been negative. In the beginning of summer in 1975, two months after the recession had ended unemployment peaked at 9%. Inflation was another issue when it raised from 3.5% to 9.5%.The Federal Reserves made several attempts to stop the stagflation but those attempts had the opposite effect. Between the years 1971 and 1978, they manipulated the price of fed funds rate to by raising it to fight inflation, then later lowering it to fight recession. That created an unstable climate for investors which meant the prices stayed high, even when the rates were low. Inflation skyrocketed to 13.3% by the end of the 1970’s.  Paul Volcker put an end to stagflation by raising the rate to 20% in the beginning of the 1980’s. And that created the 1980-82 recession.The ReaganomicsThe economics of the Reagan administration, known as Reaganomics, is supposed to fight the recession by reducing the governments influence on the economy. It is a laissez-faire approach to economics. Reagan believed capitalism and the free market will create growth. The government’s role would be diminished so that businesses, led by the principle ‘greed is good’ would have the freedom to save the economy.Reagans position is noticeably different his predecessors. Johnson and Nixon had trusted the governments role should lead to growth.On the contrary Reagan vows to decrease the growth of government spending, to cut income taxes and capital gains taxes, to decrease regulations on the industry and to halt the expansion of the money supply.President Reagan provides results on each of the four goals of his platform, although not fully. To a large extent they overcame inflation, but that should be mostly attributed to Reagan’s monetary policy, not his fiscal policy. At the same time Reagans tax cuts do end the recession.It is important to point out government spending isnt lowered. Instead of spending more on domestic programs where the government would support the population, the budget is eaten up by the military. As a result the debt rises threefold, from about a thousand billion in the beginning of the 1980’s to $2.857 trillion the end of the 1980’s. The tax cuts Reagan imposes do manage to bring up consumer demand. By the last year of Reagans mandate, the maximum tax rate became 28% for the unmarried individuals with a yearly income of $18,550 or more. Citizens making less money paid no taxes at all. There was a drop in the tax rate of more than 40% for individuals earning $108,000 or more. The tax brackets for inflation were indexed. Reagan moved these tax cuts to tax increases in other directions. Social Security payroll taxes as well as some excise taxes went through an increase. The corporate tax rate was dropped from 46% to 40%. The taxation of investments was changed. Government spending was supposed to be stopped. Instead, there was growth, although not as fast as the growth in spending during the predecessor’s term President Carter. During Reagan the growth was 2.5% a year, caused mostly be raising costs for the military. Social Security or Medicare payments were not changed. In fact, Reagans budgeted spending for the two programs was 22% of GDP. Thats higher budget than the usual 20%. In the beginning of his term Reagan removed the Nixon-imposed price regulations on domestic oil and gas. Those were considered to introduce an imbalance in free-market self-regulation that would have prevented inflation. Reagan deregulated other industries including the financial institutions and, by that, he contributed Savings and Loan Crisis in 1989. Reagan increased import barriers. When Reagan came to power, the measures imposed by Chairman Paul Volcker against inflation were already in place. Volcker used a brave monetary policy â€" he began raising the fed funds rate by a historic 20%. While these measures were beneficiary to fight off inflation, economic growth was affected. Unemployment went as high as 10.8% and stayed above 10% for the large part of the year.Watch this Crash Course video to get an interesting perspective of the Reagan presidency:The Bush-nomicsReagan is not the only Presi dent to employ trickle-down economics. President George W. Bush used similar tools to fight off the 2001 recession. The income taxes were cut by introducing the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act. The measures turned out to be successful in ending the recession by November of 2001. However unemployment was still an issue â€" it went as high as 6%. It is not rare that unemployment will linger at high levels after a crisis. Businesses will be unwilling to create jobs a long time after the unfriendly economic environment has changed. Bush then introduces another Act in 2003 â€" the The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act.Temporarily the overall impression is that the tax cuts worked. However, the fact that the Federal Reserve lowered the fed funds rate could have contributed. It fell from 6% to 1%. It is a significant change and leaves it unclear if tax cuts caused the recovery or monetary policy did.According to trickle-down economics, presidents Reagan and Bu sh introduced tax cuts which should have affected the wealthy immediately, and citizens of all income levels, gradually. What happened in reality is the opposite. The income gap worsened. In the years between 1979 and 2005, household income after taxes for the bottom 20% of the population rose by 6%. That means there was growth. However, if we compare that to the top 20% of the population, we see the increase there reached 80%. The top 1% saw their budgets triple for the same period. That means the wealth created by trickle-down policies never did trickle down to less well-off parts of the population. Or, at least, by judging the wealth that did trickle down, too much was retained. WOULD TRICKLE-DOWN WORK TODAY?Recently, the idea that Reaganomics-like policies must be taken up once again are becoming popular. The ‘America great again’ campaign, popularized by President Donald Trump, Tea Party followers, and other Republicans advocate for further tax cuts on the wealthy as a way to fix the economy. But many say that while it could be argued that trickle-down worked in the 1980’s it could be very harmful today.One example is the effect tax cuts have on the federal budget â€" they would decrease the dollar-for-dollar tax to budget flow immediately. But businesses are supposed to get richer, higher more people, and when their salaries are taxed, that would increase the tax base and, with that, reimburse taxes to the budget. However, that theory does not factor in the lag between the tax cuts and job creation. Additionally, The Laffer Curve proves that cutting taxes only increases government revenue up to a point â€" after a certain threshold cutting taxes will harm the budget. During Reagan’s term the higher taxes were at 70%, the effects would be much different when the taxes are under 50%. As the situation is today in the world, the wealthiest 85 people around the globe have just as much as the poorest 3.5 billion of the population â€" that is roughly ha lf the worlds entire population. This is the stark headline of a report from Oxfam ahead of the World Economic Forum at Davos:‘Globally, the richest individuals and companies hide trillions of dollars away from the tax man in a web of tax havens around the world it is estimated that $21 trillion is held unrecorded and off-shore;In the US, financial deregulation directly correlates to the increase in the income share of the top 1 per cent which is now at its highest level since the eve of the Great Depression;In India, the number of billionaires increase tenfold in the past decade, aided by a highly regressive tax structure and the wealthy exploiting their government connections, while spending on the poorest remains remarkably low;In Europe, austerity has been imposed on the poor and middle classes under huge pressure from financial markets whose wealthy investors have benefited from state bailouts of financial institutions;In Africa, global corporations particularly those in ex tractive industries exploit their influence to avoid taxes and royalties, reducing the resources available to governments to fight poverty.’It appears the wealthier no longer reinvest back into jobs. Tax cuts appear to have the opposite effect. The gap between the rich and the poor is rising. The model of trickle-down economics is unsustainable because the effects cannot be measured or controlled. While the wealthier are becoming more resourceful than they were during the Reagan Era, the poor lack the funds to pay for food, health care, housing, education and other important assets that could help bridge the equality gap. At the same time governments are continuing play with the idea of supply-side levers in order to revive the economy, when there is abundant proof the lower class has to be supported instead.The reason is twofold. Partially, it is the unwillingness of politicians to consider new ideas. It is a habit, a status-quo, to always consider the needs of businesses and co rporations first. And the second reason is, governments are set on pursuing numbers, economic growth and high competitiveness regardless of the social impact a policy could have for the citizens. Individuals success is measured by their income, their purchasing power and other numeric values. Economic success of governments is also measured in numbers. GDP, GNP, unemployment, inflation, debt… It is alarming that the disregard of the government is giving rise to populist politicians with questionable strategies. WHY ARE WE TALKING TRICKLE-DOWN AGAIN?The issue of trickle-down economics is once again gaining traction because of some of President Trump’s political decisions. On the side of the Republican party, the idea of trickle-down economics is still solid. In fact, it is gaining popularity. On December 22, 2017, President Donald Trump acts upon his campaign promise to ‘Make America Great Again’ by signing the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. By signing the Act, Trump essentially cuts the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% since the beginning of 2018. For individuals, the tax rate drops to 37%. Trumps tax plan includes a complex set of measures, including cuts in income tax rates, doubling the standard deduction, and removing the personal tax exemptions. There are different rules when it comes to deadlines, too. The corporate cuts are supposed to last while the changes for the individuals have an expiration date â€" they will last until the end of 2025.Watch here a Vox video that explains the tax cut via a cereal metaphor. It is worth seeing.According to the Tax Policy Center the earnings of the top 1% would enjoy a larger tax cut percentage than individuals with lower income. By the year 2027, those in the lowest 20% of income levels will end up paying higher taxes.According to the president, the tax cut is supposed to create growth to compensate for the debt increase. However, according to the Joint Committee on Taxation the Act will cost $1 trillion to the bu dget even after the compensation is factored in. CONCLUSION It all boils down to this question: Who truly drives the economy?While it sounds like trickle-down makes sense, there is data to support the fact that the wealthy do not allow the extra funds, left over from tax cuts, to trickle down to the low-income citizens. They retain the wealth. There are arguments to support the theory, that if the support is forwarded to those who need cash the most, they will spend that, out of necessity, and will, in fact, boost the economy, by driving transactions up. Still, for various reasons, the question about trickle-down economics is brought up again and again. History has the bad habit of repeating itself. It is up to society to put pressure on the decision makers to make the right decision.

Largest Cities Throughout History

In order to understand how civilizations have evolved over time, its useful to look at population growth and decline in different geographic areas.   Tertius Chandlers compilation of the population of cities throughout history,  Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census  uses a wide variety of  historical sources to locate approximate populations for the worlds largest cities since 3100 BCE. Its a daunting task to try to calculate how many people lived in urban centers prior to recorded history. Even though the Romans were the first to conduct a census, requiring every Roman man to register every five years, other societies were not as diligent about tracking their populations. Widespread plagues, natural disasters with a large loss of life and wars that decimated societies (from both the aggressor and the conquered points of view)  often provide unfortunate clues to historians for a given populations size.   But with few written records, and very little uniformity among societies that may be hundreds of miles apart, trying to determine whether Chinas pre-modern era cities were more populous than Indias, for instance, is no easy task. Counting Pre-Census Population Growth The challenge for Chandler and other historians is the lack of formal census-taking before the 18th century. His approach was to look at smaller pieces of data to try to create a clear picture of populations. This included examining travelers estimates, data on the numbers of households within cities, the numbers of food wagons arriving in cities and the size of each city or states military. He looked at church records  and the loss of lives in disasters. Many of the figures  Chandler presented can only be considered rough approximations of the urban population, but most  include the city and surrounding suburban or urbanized area. What follows is a list of the largest city at each point in history since 3100 BCE.  It lacks population data for many cities but does provide a list of the largest cities throughout time. By looking at the first and second lines of the table, we see that Memphis remained the largest city in the world from at least 3100 BCE to 2240 BCE when Akkad claimed the title. City Year Became No. 1 Population Memphis, Egypt 3100 BCE Well over 30,000 Akkad, Babylonia (Iraq) 2240 Lagash, Babylonia (Iraq) 2075 Ur, Babylonia (Iraq) 2030 BCE 65,000 Thebes, Egypt 1980 Babylon, Babylonia (Iraq) 1770 Avaris, Egypt 1670 Nineveh, Assyria (Iraq) 668 Alexandria, Egypt 320 Pataliputra, India 300 Xian, China 195 BCE 400,000 Rome 25 BCE 450,000 Constantinople 340 CE 400,000 Istanbul CE Baghdad 775 CE first over 1 million Hangzhou, China 1180 255,000 Beijing, China 1425- 1500 1.27 million London, United Kingdom 1825-1900 first over 5 million New York 1925-1950 first over 10 million Tokyo 1965-1975 first over 20 million Here are the top cities by population from the year 1900: Name Population London 6.48 million New York 4.24 million Paris 3.33 million Berlin 2.7 million Chicago 1.71 million Vienna 1.7 million Tokyo 1.5 million St. Petersburg, Russia 1.439 million Manchester, UK 1.435 million Philadelphia 1.42 million And here are the top 10 cities by population for the year 1950 Name Population New York 12.5 million London 8.9 million Tokyo 7 million Paris 5.9 million Shanghai 5.4 million Moscow 5.1 million Buenos Aires 5 million Chicago 4.9 million Ruhr, Germany 4.9 million Kolkata, India 4.8 million In the modern era, its much easier to track things like birth, death and marriage certificates, especially in countries that conduct census surveys on a regular basis. But its fascinating to consider how large cities grew and shrunk before there were means to measure them.

Mental Illness Rehab in Macbeth by William Shakespeare

In Macbeth it went insomnia, hallucinations, and depression. All common symptoms of a mental disorder, luckily they all have cures. There’s millions of mental disorders, some more common than others, all still take a huge place within mental illness, which doesn’t make them any less important than any other illness. The topic is mental illness, sit down and explain the problem, causes of said mental illness, effects of said mental illnesses, and the solutions to nail it down. The problem that’s clear and at hand is insomnia, hallucinations, and depression. In one way or another, these mental illnesses can be linked together. Depression is a normal chemical imbalance in your brain. When feelings get intense; such as helpless, hopeless, and feeling worthless, it adds to depression. Depression may very well be clinical depression, in which medicines would be needed. Signs of depression consist of; feelings of worthlessness, guilt, impaired concentration, fatigue, an d in worse cases, thoughts of death or suicides. You may not even know you have it. Depression is almost like the common cold. â€Å"A hallucination is a perception of something that’s not really there.†(Staff). A hallucination can be through smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch. There are also several types of hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, visual, gustatory, and tactile hallucinations. â€Å"Some hallucinations may not even be a mental illness† (Staff). Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by

Good Agriculture Practices Free Essays

AGRICULTURE AND MAN PRT2008 (KUMP 45) GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) IN MALAYSIA PROF . ZAHARAH ABDUL RAHMAN GROUP MEMBERS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ NORAFIZZA BT MAHAT NUR AMIRA HANIM BT AZMAN CHAN WEE ANN LIEW HUI QING JIVITHA THANARAJAN 169797 168494 169638 168358 161812 INTRODUCTION †¢ The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific methods, which when applied to agriculture, produce results that are in harmony with the values of the proponents of those practices. †¢ There are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices†, so whether a practice can be onsidered â€Å"good† will depend on the standards you are applying. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Agriculture Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Lets us look at one particular definition of â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices† as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations †¢ Description of the UN FAO GAPs : i) Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. ii) GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales. They are applied through sustainable agricultural methods, such as integrated pest management, integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture. †¢ GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 1. Animal health ? Prevent the spread of disease onto the farm †¢ Animals that are identified of their disease status can only be allowed to be brought onto the farm. †¢ Cattle transport on and off the farm that do not carry any disease have to be ensured. †¢ The farm must have secure boundaries/fencing. †¢ If possible, limit access of people and wildlife into the farm. Have a flea control programme for the livestock. †¢ Only use clean equipment from the right and reliable source. ? Use only prescribed chemicals and veterinary medicines for farm usage †¢ Use chemicals according to instructions with appropriate dosages and observe suitable withholding periods. †¢ Only use prescribed veterinary medicines by veterinarians and observe specified withhol ding periods. †¢ Store chemicals and veterinary medicines securely and dispose of them properly. ? Train people appropriately †¢ Have procedures in check for detecting and handling sick animals and veterinary chemicals. Make sure all people are undergo sufficient training to carry out their tasks correctly. †¢ Choose reliable sources for advice. 2. Milking hygiene ? Ensure milking procedures do not injure cows or contaminate the produced milk †¢ Ensure suitable udder preparation for milking. †¢ Ensure consistency in application of milking techniques. †¢ Isolate milk from sick or treated animals. †¢ Ensure milking equipment is correctly installed and maintained. †¢ Ensure enough supply of clean water ? Ensure milking is carried out under hygienic conditions †¢ Ensure housing environment is clean at all times. Ensure milking area is kept clean. †¢ Ensure the milkers follow basic hygiene rules. 3. Animal feeding and water ? Ensure anima l feed and water are of high level of quality †¢ Keeping animals healthy with high quality feed. †¢ Prevent water supplies and animal feed materials from chemical contamination. †¢ Avoid chemical contamination due to farming practices. ? Control storage conditions of feed †¢ No microbiological or toxin contamination or undesirable use of prohibited feed ingredients or veterinary preparations. †¢ Keeping animals healthy with good quality feed. 4. Animal welfare Animals are free from thirst, hunger and malnutrition †¢ Provide enough feed (forage and/or fodder) and water daily. †¢ Control stocking rates and/or supplementary feeding to ensure sufficient water, feed and fodder supply. †¢ Protect animals from toxic plants and other harmful substances. †¢ Provide water supplies of good quality that are regularly inspected and maintained. ? Animals are free from pain, injury and disease †¢ Have an effective herd health management programme i n place and inspect animals regularly. †¢ Protect against imbalance. †¢ Lactating animals should be milked regularly. Avoid using procedures and practices that cause unnecessary pain to the animals. 5. Environment ? Have a correct waste management system. †¢ Ensure wastes are stored to reduce the risk of environmental pollution to the lowest level. †¢ Manage grassland to prevent effluent runoff by spreading farm manures appropriate with local condition. ? Ensure dairy farming practices do not have an adverse impact on the local environment †¢ Use chemicals (fertilizers, agricultural and veterinary chemicals, pesticides, etc) appropriately to avoid contamination of the local environment. Ensure overall appearance of the dairying operation is appropriate for a facility in which high quality food is produced 6. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?Takes into account the ecological factors and plant biology to minimize pest population to a minimum level without cau sing economic loss. †¢ Biological Control Pest control refers to the use of natural enemies that can influence growth, breeding and control of the pest population at a balance level. †¢ Cultural Control Cultural control is an agronomic practice used by farmers to increase their production. The followings are examples of cultural practices : a. Adopt and practice field hygiene, including in the surrounding areas, such as weeding and disposal of agricultural wastes (collect and destroy rotten fruits and diseased plant parts) b. Use of disease free planting materials c. Soil treatment like liming d. Pruning of pest infected plant parts e. Crop rotation f. Ploughing g. Use of resistant varieties h. Water management i. Selection of suitable sites j. Use of organic fertilizers to improve soil structure and soil †¢ Chemical Control 1. Chemical control covers the use of the following chemicals: i. Pesticides ii. Biopesticides like azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis 2. Chemical attractants like i. Pheromones ii. Protein bait 3. The use of chemicals must be based on the following factors: i. Chemicals are used only when the pest population had reached or exceeded the economic threshold value ii. Do not use broad spectrum pesticides iii. If pesticides are to be used, the usage shall be minimum and environmentally friendly iv. The use of pesticides should be the last alternative for pest control Examples of Integrated Pest Management i. Pest Control for Bananas (Moko disease and Panama wilt) a. Use of disease free plantlets sourced through tissue culture and treatment of the planting materials if not sourced by tissue culture b. Monitoring and destruction of diseased plants c. Crop rotation and follow d. Farm equipments should be treated and free from pests before use e. Good drainage f. Prevention by spraying benomyl †¢ Control of Tungro (Penyakit Merah Virus) of Paddy a. Inspection of disease and vectors b. Planting of resistant varieties c. Simultaneous planting d. Eliminate source of disease and alternative hosts e. Good drainage and land preparation f. Use certified paddy seeds g. Use of pesticides to control vector (Nephotettix virescens) when there is an outbreak of the disease h. Implement the recommended fertilizer programme 7. Site Management The farm should have a Crop-Soil Suitability Map, for the following purposes:a. To ensure only crops which are suitable are planted in the farm. b. To identify the types of soil limitations and to make suggestions on their remedial actions for optimum crop production c. To obtain high and quality yield, e. g. ased on topography and agroclimatic zone, mango is suitable for planting in the States of Kedah, Perlis and Melaka. †¢ Factors taken into consideration for evaluating CropSoil Suitability are: a. Depth of soil b. Depth to acid sulphate layer c. Drainage d. Nutrient content e. Thickness of organic horizon f. Salinity g. Slope h. Soil texture/structure i. Stoniness Land Management: Terrace E xample of A Corporation Which Practices GAP Example of A Corporation Which Practices GAP †¢ Sime Darby Plantation possess a strong commitment to sustainable development as shown through its plantation business. Sime Darby Plantation is one member of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and has adopted the best of industrial techniques into its daily operations. †¢ Sime Darby Plantation acts as an industry leader in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). †¢ The good agriculture practices implemented by Sime Darby are as follows :i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Land management Water management Zero burning replanting technique Integrated pest management Palm oil mill effluent treatment system High conservation value forest in the estates Biodiversity Quality assurance THANK YOU How to cite Good Agriculture Practices, Papers

The Economic Consequences of Non Financial Information Reporting

Question: Disccuss about the Economic Consequences of Non Financial Information Reporting. Answer: Introduction Non-financial reporting involves the report by accumulating and revealing data on non-financial features of a companys performance, together with ecological, societal, worker and virtuous matters, and defining measurements, indicators and sustainability goals based on the companys approach. Non-Financial Data is playing an important role in decision making. The impression clasps aimed at in-house judgment making within companies as well as aimed at the verdict making of shareholders. Nowadays Administration and patrons both want trustworthy data for their judgement making and henceforth, records management, reporting and revelation of non-financial information is gaining push, with numerous companies today. Disparate results of reporting on pecuniary information, effects of non-financial reporting are still relatively new, and no generally accepted principles are yet accessible. Nature of Non-Financial Information. Non-Financial information means sustainability, corporate social responsibility, environmental social and governance, social performance, green banking disclosures, Let us discuss about these elements of non-financial information:- Sustainability means the capability to create and maintain well-defined process or approach indeterminately. There are three types of sustainability which are commercial sustainability, societal sustainability and ecological sustainability. Commercial sustainability means to maintain the definite level of economic assembly indeterminately. Societal sustainability means to maintain the social well-being at definite level for indeterminate period. Ecological sustainability means to preserve the proportions of renewable resources as well as non-renewable resources depletion indeterminately. Corporate social responsibility means projects and programs or activities such as eradicating hunger, poverty and malnutrition, promoting healthcare, promoting education, gender equality, ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, animal welfare, measures for benefit of armed forces veterans, training to promote recognised sports, Paralympic sports and Olympics sports. Corporate social responsibility also includes projects and program also activities which are mentioned above undertaken by the board of directors of a company(Board) in pursuance of recommendations of the CSR committee of the board as per declared CSR policy of the company subject to the condition that such policy will cover the above mentioned subjects. By integration CSR activities with with their organisational operations business achieve the balance of social, ecological and monetary. Reporting Manner of Non-financial information How these non-financial information is reported is a big question. First of all management should be aware of what kind of information is worth to report. They should know the features of information which needs to be reported. Before discussing how to report non-financial information let us know discuss the attributes of non-financial information first: Features of non-financial information business reporting:- The information which has been presented should be unaffectedly explanatory. The information should include proactive elements which will increase the understanding. The information should appropriate and well-timed and substantial. The information should define companys plans and related threats and prospects. The information should also explain panels part in evaluating the plans and controlling of threats and prospects. The information should be easily available and correctly united by means of additional data that assists stakeholders to get the entire depiction of the corporation. The information should be unprejudiced in its application where it is used and confirmation grounded where it is not functional. Reporting of non-financial information has become very important in todays corporate world. It is beneficial for the company as well as it is beneficial for the investors clients and public at large to know the position of the entity. To present non-financial information most of the organisations report on generally four matters. These matters can be discussed as follows:- Monetarist Ecological Societal Societal (exclusive of Workers) Most of the organisations recorded top on monetary aspect, which stayed mostly due towards the reporting of elementary pecuniary presentation. The ultimate essential zones of conservational data is emanations seepage and discarded includes co2 emanations. This information is often required by the regulatory authorities to know the environmental impact of the business activity of the organisation. Social information(exclusive of worker) includes quantum of activities which involves social well-being of the people like, organisation efforts in rural development, development of education system, providing essential help to the armed forces. Organisation have report on these matters to regulatory authorities. Report on social matters includes satisfaction of employees, work culture, benefits to employees, training to employees for enhancing their skill and knowledge (Arsuay, 2017). Consequences of non-financial information reporting Non-financial info has additional elongated tenure emphasis than financial information. Monetary info normally emphasis on yearly besides diminutive tenure performance of accounting pointers. Financial information do not presents quality of work, clients happiness, goodwill, effectiveness and human topics. For extended tenure and sustainability in a competitive environment and to accomplish business desired aim bearing in mind the non-financial data in judgement creation is decisive. Administration be able to use the non-financial data aimed at upcoming accounting and inconsistency scrutiny. The non-financial data also helps to know the inside performance and amount the wage earner and client contentment. There will be the straight effect on the probable monetary aims which can be clarified below:- When workers of an entity are happy with the employers and the work culture where they are working they will work efficiently and will give their services, they will try to finish the work before deadline, and in the result clients will be happy with company and they will rely more on the company and will provide more work to the organisation (Business.org , 2017). Advantages of non-financial reporting at glance Interest, Preserve and conserve gratified staff. Helps in management of risk. Helps to save resources. Aids in decreasing operating costs. Improves effectiveness and efficiency. Increase customer, shareholder and investors trust. Improves the goodwill of the company. It makes the organisation capable to do things differently in compare to their competitors. It helps the organisation grab new business opportunities. Improves associations with clients and investors. Enhance brand image of the organisation. Helps in building a good clientele. Helps in knowing internal environment of the organisation. Apart from so many advantages there are many disadvantages too of non-financial information. Let us discuss those limitations in details. First disadvantage include budget and period. Time is very crucial nowadays, administrations spends a lot of time in identifying the important non-financial information. Another disadvantage is non-financial information does not have in unit of measurement like some information can be measured in fractions, some in amount and some in idiosyncratic means (Globaltfi, 2017) Other disadvantage may include missing of correct link, means company spent time in finding out level of client happiness rather than client trustworthiness. Another disadvantage will include the numerical dependability. This can be explained with the example suppose the market survey has been done for client satisfaction some will be interested in the survey other may not, hence not providing the correct statistics. Non-financial reporting has become very essential part of the companies nowadays as it has become very important for the investors clients and stakeholders to know the performance of companies in these areas because they are included matters in for companys image which have accountability to the stakeholders. It can initiate sustainability development and add towards the growth of superior commercial exercise (Henry, 2017). Disclosure of non-financial matters should be made in order to know business position. Disclosure of financial data is not sufficient meant for knowing the companys performance. From financial statements, financial information are easily available. Financial information generally includes liquidity of a firm, monetary arrangement, performance, success of the company. By including only financial matters we will not be able to know the synchronicity of organisation with the society, environment, its industrial growth, workers happiness, well-being plus security at work. Pecuniary information does not provide us with investment the company has made on its employees their skill knowledge and competency, also they do not highlight the matters that can provide us with the information such as corporations flaws, its market share, client happiness, different products, quality regulator costs, division growth etc. On the other hand revelations of non-financial information helps in development aimed at innovative kinds of exploration called to be additional monetary exploration. Hence entity performance is no more acclimatised by financial information only. But by the composite of incorporeal means formed through the preceding doings of the entity. There are numerous transnational guidelines have been introduced for non-financial information disclosures, some of them are as follows:- OECD guidelines for multinational entities. Global reporting initiative. ISO26000 ILO core conventions. European commission instruction (Business .org , 2017). Economic consequences of the Information (capital market and debt market) Share bazaars are obsessed by stakeholder soppiness, which on the other hand is obsessed by the several non-financial occasions like macro-economic issues, societal and green fluctuations in all over the world. Very important distress in the capital market all over the world was the European debt crunch and this is associated with non-financial reporting. Therefore issue regarding this issues are seen as the most significant issue that are affecting the markets The financial and non-financial information which are being disclosed in the certified audited financial statements of the company reveals the entire picture of the company. Investors are being highly interested in knowing this information as they will get to know position of the company they are investing in. On the other hand not only investors or clients are affected by these information, markets are also affected by these information reporting. Share prices in stock gets regulated by the overall position of the company. Debt market is also affected by the revelations of these information (Fraga) Corporate revelation is important for working of effective capital market. Organisation gives info via controlled pecuniary report which includes financial statements, footnotes management discussion, non-financial information and other guiding conclusions. Debt market means a market where debt instrument are operated. Debt instrument will be the asset in the hands of holder of debt instrument, where holder gets the fixed payment along with the interest payments. Corporate bonds are the example of debt market. Information provided in the certified financial statement highly effect the debt market as holder of the debt instrument will get to know the paying back capability of the borrower as well as from financial statements one get to know debt market situation of the company (Business intelligence providers, 2017). On the other hand Capital market are those market where long extended term debt or equity supported securities are operated. Capital market distributes the household saving of stakeholder and use it in a protracted term fruitful use such as companies and government making long term savings. Disclosures of financial and non-financial information in certified financial statement also show the capital structure of the company and forewarned the investors regarding the capital structure of the company (Edelwiss, 2017). Conclusion: From this report we get to know about the nature of non-financial information which includes sustainability, corporate social responsibility, environmental information etc. non-financial information plays an important role in decision making by the shareholders and investors or the users of financial information in regard to the company. There are also many advantages of reporting of non-financial information which we have discussed earlier like, it helps in management of risk, have to save resources, helps in building a good clientele, helps in knowing the internal environment in the company etc. Apart from the advantages there are many limitation too in reporting of non-financial information like time and cost in identifying the relevant non-financial information. But if one is aware of the attributes of the significant information to be revealed it will be advantageous. Disclosure of non-financial information have become essential nowadays it not only win the trust of clients work ers and investors but also helps the organisation to improves its brand image and win the new and greater work opportunities. Financial information only shows the financial aspects of the company its liquidity, profitability etc. But disclosure of non-financial information also shows the business and customers associations, internal working environment, its effort regarding environment friendly activities, its social connections in public interest etc. Hence non-financial information disclosure is necessary along with financial information disclosure as it will help to know the entire position of the company. References. Business intelligence providers. (2017).Importance of non financial information. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/bquteam/the-importance-of-non-financial-information-in-decision-making [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Buiness.org. (2017).Non financial reporting. [online] Available at: https://business.un.org/en/documents/8842[Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Henriques, A (2017).Reporting on non financial information. [online] Available at: https://www.henriques.info/downloads/Reporting%20of%20Non-Financial%20Information%20FINAL.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Global Reporting. (2017).Non fiancial reproting. [online] Available at:https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Non-financial_reporting/$FILE/Climate%20change_Non%20financial%20reporting.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Arsuay , A. (2017).Effect of nonfiancial information. [online] Available at: https://iremjournal.com/article/download/5000129380/5000118588 [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. GLobaltfi. (2017).Disclosures of non financial information. [online] Available at:https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/technical-activities/technical-resources-search/2011/january/ec-disclosure-non-financial.html [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Harper coloins canada. (2017).Corporate social responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.harpercollins.ca/about-us/corporate-social-responsibility [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Fraga . J(2017).Corporate social responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.jfraga.com/csrreports.htm [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Edelweiss. (2017).Debt capital market. [online] Available at:https://www.edelweissfin.com/FinancialServices/CapitalMarkets/InvestmentBanking/DebtCapitalMarkets.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Henry, K (2017).Impact on non financial reporting. [online] Available at:https://www.environmentalleader.com/2015/08/impact-of-the-eu-directive-on-non-financial-reporting/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Simmons and simmons. (2017).Non financial reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.elexica.com/en/legal-topics/corporate-governance-and-compliance/040117-disclose-non-financial-board-diversity-info [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Source Intelligence. (2017).Non disclosure financial requirements. [online] Available at: https://www.sourceintelligence.com/additional-non-financial-disclosure-requirements-companies-effect-year/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Business and human rights. (2017).Company non financial reporting. [online] Available at:https://business-humanrights.org/en/eu-requirements-on-companies-non-financial-reporting-2014 [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Capital market. (2017).Debt capital market. [online] Available at:https://www.edelweissfin.com/FinancialServices/CapitalMarkets/InvestmentBanking/DebtCapitalMarkets.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. CSR . (2017).Sustainablity. [online] Available at: https://www.csreurope.org/mantra [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Banking and finance. (2017).Non financial reporting [online] Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/finance/company-reporting/non-financial_reporting/index_en.htm [Accessed 9th April. 2017].

Benjamin Franklin Essays (317 words) - Corrective Lenses

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin franklin had an effect on our understanding of electricity and shaped the language we you to talk about it. Benjamin franklin was born on January 17, 1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a candle maker from England. His mom was a stay at home mom and had seven sisters and was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Benjamin had nine siblings in his family. He only had two years of education because his parents couldn't afford the fees. He worked with his father after he quit school, but he tried to read everything he could to get knowledge. When he was twelve he started working as an apprentice in a printer shop. He moved to Philadelphia when he was seventeen to get away from the apprenticeship and that was against the law. After he went to philadelphia he went to London, England to learn more about printing. Then he went back to philadelphia and began his career again printing. When he was twenty three he became a publisher. Benjamin published stuff that made him very we althy. He published for richard almanac for twenty-five years. Every year he published the almanac his financial stuff grew more secure. Benjamin kept reading and learning more about science and technology. Benjamin was a scientist and an inventor. franklin never patented his invention, so it is hard to know when he built them all the dates are predicted. Franklin wore glasses for most of his life and back then they didn't work that good, so he invented the bifocal specticals. The bifocal glasses had two lenses with different focusing distances. Then he built what is called the franklin stove which exchanged the heat with cold air and heated up the room it was in. Then he went to the pennsylvania malitia for the american revolutionary war. Benjamin created a group where scientists could share their theories about science stuff.

Factors of Business Creation and Controlling

Factors of Business Creation and Controlling In this case study, the primary stakeholders include the television company, its employees and clients who constitute both small and big businesses. One of the relevant facts to the case study is that any business is established with an overall objective of making and increasing the profit margins. It is the increase in profits which makes businesses to grow and expand.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Factors of Business Creation and Controlling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another fact is that for a business to grow, it must be overseen by qualified and competent people. The other fact s is that business people always look at ways of cutting costs and maximizing the profits. They tend to avoid any cost which is avoidable. Oscar is a competent marketing researcher while Laurence is an ambitious general manager.One of the ethical issues which concerns Oscar is that of deontology.In business ethics, deontology requires employees to perform their duties as per the given instructions leaving no room for them to give their opinion regarding the consequences of their actions as they perform their duties. They are supposed to perform their duties as instructed because doing otherwise would be unethical (Seven oaks school, 2013). The deontological aspect in Oscar’s dilemma has to do with doing what is right as per a person’s duty. As a marketing research manager, he is supposed to do what he is advised to do by Laurence the general manager. According to deontologists, doing this is ethically correct despite the fact that it would lead to suffering by small businesses that may not be able to pay higher fees to the television station. In this case therefore, doing the right thing is not in any way linked to the consequences because deontological ethics has to do with what is right as per a person’s duty. Another ethical issue is that of Kants categorical imperative. Kant is famous for taking a neutral position on ethical matters. In his first way of formulating categorical imperative, he argues that one should act based only on those maxims for which he or she would be happy if the actions were to become universal laws. In his second formulation, Kant argues that we should treat humanity not only as an end in itself but also as a means to some end (Chadwick, 1993). In this case study, Kant’s categorical imperative applies through the second formulation of his categorical imperative which has to do with how to treat humanity. The company’s management seems to treat human beings just as means to some end but not as end. For instance, the general manager wants Oscar to do a subjective research which has the potential of locking out small businesses from accessing the television channels for advertisement purposes.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The other ethical issue is that of utilitarianism.One of the key proponents of utilitarianism is Jeremy Bentham, who belong the 19th century philosophy. According to him, the principles of human interactions are based on the overall good. In this sense therefore, good is looked from an objective sense in that what is good is seen as what produces ‘good’ for the maximum number of people (Scarre, 1996). Utilitarianism can be explained using the principle of ‘the end justifies the means’, meaning if the end of a process or action is good, then the means of arriving at that end are also good and justifiable (Schofield, 2006). According to the model therefore, for an action to be considered as ethically or morally correct, it should have an outcome which benefits the maximum number of people. What this means is that people should focus on the end of a process but not the means of arriving at that end (Julia, 2009). In this case study therefore, the best action from a utilitarian perspective would be for Oscar to produce the subjective research findings as instructed by his boss Laurence. This is because the action will lead to an increment in profit margin by 28%, which would produce a maximum good despite the fact that it would impact negatively on the small businesses. Oscar therefore has two alternatives. One of them is to do as per the instructions of the general manager and end up losing his integrity as a marketing researcher. From a rights perspective, this alternative would lead to the violation of the rights of the stakeholders especially the small businesses who may not be able to pay high fees to use the television station for advertisement purposes. From a justice perspective, the action will be against the principle of natural justice which requires people or entities to be treated in a fair manner irrespective of their political, social or economic value. In this case study, Oscar seems to be the k ey determinant of the way forward. He should sit down with Laurence and convince him that doing a subjective research is not only unethical but also wrong and therefore unjustified. He should also show him the possible side effects of such a decision to the television station in case the stakeholders get to know about it.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Factors of Business Creation and Controlling specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Chadwick, R. (1993).Immanuel Kant: Critical Assessments. New York, NY: Routledge. Julia,D. (2009). The History of Utilitarianism. Retreived 4th, August, 2013, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/utilitarianism-history/#JerBen Scarre, G. (1996). Utilitarianism. New York, NY: Routledge. Schofield, P. (2006). Utility and Democracy: the Political Thought of Jeremy Bentham, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Seven oaks school. (2009).Ethical Egoism. Web.

Critical Writing (multiple assignments) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Writing (multiple assignments) - Essay Example ed and identifiable nuclear region such as prokaryotes like bacteria apart from the fact that eukaryotes are relatively bigger than prokaryotes is the eukaryotes’ ability to connect and interact with other neighbouring cells to perform even more complex functions such as working together to become internal organs such as the liver or heart, or external organs such as the fingers or eyes. Eukaryote cells also have cellular parts which are separate from one another and covered in a membrane, much like how animals have separate internal organs which have different functions from one another, while on the other hand the cellular parts of prokaryotes are not covered by a protective membrane and is mixed thoroughly with one another, similar to a bowl of creamy soup. Examples of eukaryotes or eukaryotic organisms are minute and one-celled organisms that can only be seen under a microscope such as parasites that cause intestinal diseases like the amoeba, or these can be many-celled an d form complex organs such as a plant’s leaf or a dog’s eye, as well as complete living organisms such as an earthworm or an entire human being. This line graph is effective in showing interested readers on the trends in religious affiliations worldwide. A reason for this would be the use of colourful lines in the graph which are very distinct from one another and the proper labelling of figures, thus it would be easier to see the trends of each religion included in the graph’s legend. However, the line graph’s purpose in this case is to show trends and not the current or actual statistical figures, thus for people who are interested in finding out the world populations for each religion, additional in-text information must be provided. This bar graph shows the yearly growth rate in major religions in the west, and readers can easily deduce it through the percentages shown beside each major religion in the y-axis. The labels are also properly-placed and can be read with ease, even

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS - Essay Example In this paper, we would analyze the company’s competitive position through several tools of internal audit and external audit by using matrices, like Grand Strategy, I-E and Space. The aim of this paper is to analyze the past, current and the future of the company through various strategic perspectives and also provide recommendations for sustaining competitive edge in the future. Marriott International’s headquarter is situated in Bethesda, Maryland, United States. The acclaimed and respected chain has more than 150,000 employees globally and 60 percent of them belong to female and minorities category. Marriott hotel was an idea executed in 1927 by J. W Marriott in Washington, D.C. in United States. Currently, it’s a globally renowned in the hotel and lodging industry and is presently led by J. W Marriott, Jr. Marriott International is one of the World’s finest and topmost organization running chains of hotels and extending franchisee business after extensive scrutiny of service excellence; it is perceived to be as being one of the best in providing allied lodging facilities. It boasts of 18 different brands and more than 3400 hotels and resorts across the world. Marriott chain has been recognized as one of the ‘100 Best Companies to Work For’ by Fortune for last few years consecutively. The chain has around 3100 hotels and lodging facilities operating in United States with presence in around 70 different countries across the world. In a successful journey of over 80 years, Marriott International has created a niche and enjoys a proud position among existing competitors. In the context of strategic management, the vision statement is considered to be the long term view of company’s ground objectives and operation, just like Marriott International’s vision statement: â€Å"to be the world’s leading provider of hospitality services† (Abrahams, 1999, p.293). Ever since the Marriott was funded, its management has practiced the principle

Memory and Language Acquisition

Memory and Language Acquisition Memory and language acquisition Abstract The study of second language acquisition through the analysis of the language learners mental process and strategies seeing how researchers investigate on language learning and processing;how they collect the data;which factors,mechanisms and processes they examine for constracting and testing theories.The exploration of human mind following the cognitive psychology theories applying to the Multi-store memory model (Atkinsons and Shiffrin) and the Working memory model (Baddeley) in connection with the relationship between memory and language,trying to understand also the implication in quotidian actions of words temporary memory.A look on the links between memory and attention demonstrated by the Cowans Embedded-processes model of working memory,showing how memory and attention are involved in language acquisition.The attempt is the comprehension of the way in which learners acquire a second language ,how they develop their linguistic and communicative competences and in which proces ses are involved in. Introduction It is not possible to do a direct inspection on the learners mental knowledge.This can only be inferred by examining samples of the learners performance.Second language researchers have used different kinds of performance to try to investigate competence.Very different results can be obtained depending on the kind of performance data the researcher studies.Researchers disagree about what kind of performance they think provides the best evidence of acquisition.It is impostant to examine carefully the nature of the data used and the way in which acquisition has been measured,in reading reports of actual studies.The goal of second language researchers   is the description and the explanation of the learnerslinguistic and communicative competence.The study of how learners learn a second language does not have a very old story (the surge of empirical work that inform current thinking did not begin until the late 1960s).The study of learners-external factors and learner-internal mechanis ms constitutes an attempt to how second language acquisition takes place (learner-internal mechanisms concern on how learners use their resources in communication and on how they acquire the language,these mechanisms are mental and largely hidden from view althuoght not necessarly completely unconscious).Then there is the question of individual learners differences and what causes them.Learners set about the task of acquiring a second language in different ways.They differ with regard to such general factors as motivation and aptitude,and also in the use of various strategies for obtaining   input and for learning from it.he study of these general factors and on the learning strategies helps to explain why some learners more and more rapidly than others and why they reach higher level of proficiency.Learners language study is the starting point of   the exploration of second language acquisition because it provides the data for constructing and testing theories of second languag e acquisition (analysis of errors,acquisition orders and developmental sequences,variability,pragmatics aspects,study of input and interaction,analysis of discourse). 1-Theories and memory models Since the early 20th century various schools of psychology attempted to develop learning theories.Every school developed different theories working on distinct perspectives of human mind.The first was the behaviourist psychology school.For the behaviourism movement the human mind was totally unknowable.This school maintains that only the behaviour can be observed and analysed scientifically.Even the language learnig process is seen as a behaviour (verbal behaviour).The behaviourist theory affirms that language is a product of habit and it can be acquired by conditioning through a stimulus-response mechanism (external stimuli activate responses to the exactly for the animals).The empirical work so is concentrated only on the observable phenomens and processes (external factors).In 1960s Cognitivism replaced behaviours becoming the dominant paradigm.The cognitive psychologists look at the learners as information processors (like a computer).Focusing   on the inner mental activities t o understand how people learn,mental processes as thinking,memorising,knowing and problem-solving have to be explored.For cognitivists human mind can be seen as a computer where information comes in,it is being processed and leads to certain outcomes.The cognitive approach on the information processing has provided psycholinguistics with the means for anlysing how the learners process the language,cognitive theories have given a revolutionary contribution to linguistics.The assumptions are that for processing information there are two separated channels,associated with the different senses,auditory and visual (with two dinstinct sensory stores the echoic memory and the iconic memory);each channel has a limitated capacity,learning is an active process where information   is being filtrate,selected,organized and integrated on the basis of prior knowledge.In 1968 Atkinsons and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory which explains the human information processing system.They despri bed a three-store model indicating three different memory systems:sensory memory,short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).Human mind has a limited capacity for the amount and the nature of information it can process.An invironmental stimulus activates our senses (information can be just processed in a channel at a time).Incoming information enters the information processing system,the trace of this information is held briefly in the sensory memory,that is a temporary buffer memory (language learning trace can be visual in reading or auditory listening).From here certain pieces of information are passed to short-term memory,which is another temporary memory but at this level we are conscious of information and we can work with it.STM has a low capacity of storage (about 7 plus minus 2 chunks of information;Miller 1956) it decays as soon as it not longer attended to.To be holden information has to be encoded through active strategies as rehearse or visualisation,but then the re is the transfert to the long-term memory.This is a permanent ,memory stoe with an extremely large capacity that could be unlimited,here stored information is recorded and can always be retrieved,it is organized according to meaning and is linked by associations.There is no limit the capacity of storing new information and this can be kept up to a life time.Only with the deterioration of brain system the storage retrieval capability can be lost.Permanent losses of information occurs just as a   result of brain damages,failures of retrieval often are caused by temporary blockage.Just some of what we experience is attended for more the a few brief moments.Hence the storage process is not even activated.Using the metaphor of the human mind as a computer,cognitivists gave to short-term memory the title of Working memory.In 1974 Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Multi-component model of working memory.This model is composed of three main component:the central executive,the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketch-pad.The central executive acts as supervisory system in controlling cognitive processes.It is responsible for the slave systems coordination.The slave systems are short-term storage systems which concern two separate perceptual domains,Phonogical loop and visual-spatial sketch-pad are respectively the verbal and the visual-spatial slave systems.Phonological loop has two sub-systems called phonological store and articulatory process and it deals with phonological information. Therefore language learning and processing working memory is involved at this level.The phonological store sub-system is assumed to be specialized to maintain verbal information that enters here automatically,because spoken language seems to have a direct access to the phonological store.This has a limited capacity of storage,it can hold acoustically coded items just for s brief period, in fact the trace decays in 1 or 2 seconds.For holding information we need to use strategie s that can help us to encode it and to retain it.In words memorisation tasks for example the rehearsal mechanism allows us to transform spoken words into a phonological code,preventing them from decay.Rehearsal consists in sub-vocal repetition of the material,some kind of inner voice in our head.This mechanism in fact is used to convert written words into a phonological code,so that these can be insert into the phonological store.Written words are processed on a phonological basis in memorisation,being included in the same store of spoken words instead of a separate visual store as we could imagine.The visual-spatial sketch-pad endeed is implicated in visual and spatial tasks like location or movement of object in space or remembering visible features as shape and colour.It works like a sort of inner eye specialized on spatial and visual coding. 2-Memory and attention A great deal of everyday activities require the use of temporary memory.Encoding store and retrieval are the process on which we rely on for acting on day-to-day life.Making decisions,solving problems,social interactioning,language production are based on the ability of memorising.Performing a task from repeating foreign words to counting ,to remember   where we parked our car demand the involvement of attention.Cowans embedded-process model of working memory illustrates the links between memory and attention.Our capacity of attention is limited,internal and external factors of distraction and individual faculties and abilities affect our attentional degree.The number of things we can focus at the same time is indefinite but information is activated only for a very brief period after which it decays.Information can be activated automatically,it is not always the focus of conscious necessary awareness.This can explain how it is possible to perform actions without the need of control ling their process.Voluntary processes and involuntary processes control both the focus of attention . This can explain how it is possible to perform actions without the need of controlling   them process.The demand of conscious attention more depends on the familiarity degree with the process,as we become familiar with the process they are automatised step by step.More they become automatised less is the demand of attention.It is important to understand how memory and attention are involved in language learning. 3-Language learning researches Short-term memory is an on-line capacity for processing and elaborating new information,this is why it is responsible in language learning and development.For this reason second language acquisition researches are focused on short-term memory.Also for analysing the individual   differences in language learning researches and to examine short-term capacity.Verbal short-term memory abilities,words memorisation,words repetition and vocabulary learning are related in some way.The tests and the experiments created for testing language learners are mostly based on immediate serial recall of lists ,non-word repetition or recognition and word learning working on spoken and written words.This kind of analysis provide empirical data to researches for comparing the results between various kinds of learners at different proficiency levels and in different situations. Conclusion Second language acquisition is not s simple issue for researchers because mental processes and knowledge cant be directly observed.Different kinds of studies conducted in different ways provide a great deal of data and results.To interpret them is important to understand first how the acquisition occurs,which processes are involved in,which factors (internals or externals) can influence it and the mechanism and the strategies used by the learners (consciously or uncounsciously).The analysis has to be focused on learners language perfomances.Cognitive psychology is based on the information processing paradigm The human mind is seen like a computer by cognitivists and following this idea were proposed models of human memory that,in connection with language learning,explain the memory structure,its capacities,the processes responsible for encoding,recording and storing information.Analysing the working memory capacity it is possible to study the learners language acquisition.Researches on memory have helped us to understand how works the acquisition of a second language in bilingual learners,how they use the language and the individuals differences at different levels.It has been discovered that second language development proceed in an orderly fashion,the learning processes between bilingual learners are similar because they follow a developmental sequence in different stages. Experiments within working memory capacity is tested,for example backward digit span test,can show how learners achieving different proficiency levels use distinct strategies and mechanisms in a regular way concording to the level.So memory is the center of language acquisition,this can be explained through the analysis of the memory processes,whereas the processes of memory can be explored through the language learning and processing.It means that there is an absolute relation and an unavoidable interrelationship between them. References: Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition ; J.Michael OMalley,Anna Uhl Chamot; Cambridge Univesity Press The study of Second Language Acquisition; Rod Ellis ;Oxford University Press Working Memory and Language ; Baddeley and Gathercole Psycholinguistics:The Key Concepts ; John Field ;Routledge Working Memory and Language:an overview Alan Baddeley ;Department of Experimental Psychology ,University of Bristol ,Uk (Journal of Communication desorders 2003)

Lecture note

In English Composition l, you learned how to analyze an argument for effectiveness, specifically looking at the use of logos (logic), ethos (credibility), and pathos (emotion). This week, you'll learn how to craft your own arguments. Starting with this week's Discussion, we'll take a closer look at constructing logic (logos), which Includes using both deductive and inductive reasoning.With inductive reasoning, you move â€Å"from a et of specific examples to a general statement,† making the â€Å"inductive leap from evidence to generalization† (Rosa & School, 2012, p. 540). For instance, after looking at a month's worth of sales receipts, you could determine that Saturday afternoons are when most patrons prefer to shop in your store. Deductive reasoning â€Å"moves from a general statement to a specific conclusion† and works from the model of a â€Å"syllogism, a three-part argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion† (Ros a & School, 2012, p. 0). Please note that in order to accept your conclusion/argument, your audience should accept the major and minor premises as truths. See the below example, which could be the start of one argument In support of a vegetarian diet: Major premise: Beef contains cholesterol. Minor premise: Too much cholesterol Is bad for one's health. Conclusion: To remain in good health, people should eat less beef. For the Discussion this week, you'll practice creating argumentative statements, including your own syllogism.In this week's Assignment, you'll take it a step further and write detailed and supported arguments, either for or against the thesis of a professional essay. This will be the first draft of your Synthesis Essay, which you'll revise in Week 4. It's important to remember that in a Synthesis Essay, you need to add something new to the conversation. You start with existing knowledge on an Issue (in this case, a professional essay), and then create new knowledge (y our argument), making unique and Insightful points. Objective(s):

Greek Mythology and Gods Essay

What is mythology, The mythology is what man kind tries of findings and explanation of nature and all sort of universal actions such as thunders, earth quakes, winds, stars, darkness, seasons etc. The differences of Greek mythology the Greek mythology is more like human based. They were using human forms for their gods appearance instead of unusual creators in Egyptian mythology. Although only in Greek mythology the universe did create the gods not the gods created the universe. Also the Greek mythology doesn’t set on fear. Human should have no fear of creators or devils or giants what so ever. Because all those evil creators killed by heroes and gods and made world clear for human to live. The reason of mythology and using subject To control the natural phenomena To bind the clans, tribes, or nation together To record historical events To give basic geographic information To set examples for peoples behaviour To justify a social structure Greek mythology does not tell us about early man kind but tell us about early Greek life First event of Greek mythology is Iliad by Homer. He lived 1000 BC. And the Iliad contains earliest Greek literature. Classic Greek mythology was not interested with astrology Priest was not important at all. Even the poets was more important than the priest. One story in Odyssey the hero spares the poet but kills the priest. The Greek mythology set literature of Europe and democracy and science Greek mythology was not a place for terror for human. The Greek mythologists transformed a world from full of fear to full of beauty Greek mythology nothing to do with religion. It all about how world an universe become in existence As example the reason of volcano erupts are imprisoned terrible creator. Other example Zeus hurls his thunder bolt when he gets angry. The Greek gods lived in Olympus which is high mountain in Greece. Although they lived like human but they were mortal and they could do more than what human could. They eat, they trick another, they drink, been in affair as human do Greek could have fun with the stories about their gods THE TITANS AND GREAT OLYMPIANS The titans also called elderly gods. There were many of them but only few of them appears on stories of mythology. At the beginning there was only chaos, then erebus appeared. Then some how love born and brought the stars in order. Once there was a light and day. After light and day Gaea ( appeared ) then erebus slept with night who gave a birth to daily earthly light. and the earth gave a birth to Uranus. Then they create the 3 Cyclopes and hecatocheries 8hundred hands fifty heads ) and twelve titans. And Gaea mother earth and coronus set a trick to Uranus coronus chopped has father Uranus’s penis with Stone sickle. and Uranus’s blood fell into ocean and became giants, from his genitals that fell into sea Aphrodite occurred. Coronus became the next ruler and he imprisoned the Cyclopes with hundred hands. But with the curse of his father Uranus, he was destined to loose against his son Zeus. The names of twelve titans Coronus Rhea Oceans Tethys Hyperion Theia Mnemosyne. Themis Coues Phoebe Crius Iapetus (Atlas ) THE GODS ZEUS. Became supreme ruler by fighting against his father Coronus and the titans. He was lord of the sky. That means if you can control sky you can control whole world as well. He was more powerful than all divinities together. He was represented as a man always falls in love with a woman after another. also he was acting as normal man would, like hiding his affairs from his wife, which is from hear. And his behaviour also caused many disasters for human kind. His bird was Eagle His tree was Oak His oracle was Dodona He was responsible for the justice, his power was controlling the nature. His most powerful weapon was the thunderbolt. For that reason he was the most feared god in Greece. first information was written by Hesiod Deep note, Zeus had same prophecy as coronus had so he swallowed Metis his wife to stop it. HERA. Zeus’s sister and his wife. She was the goddess of marriage. Also protector of heroes. Hera’s daughter was helping the women who gives birth. She was very jealous also her jealousy and anger cause Trojan war. Her favourite city was Argos. Cow and peacock was sacred to her. POSEIDON. the ruler of the sea. and second highest god after Zeus. He was also very important for Greeks. He had a golden car. he was commonly called the earth shaker. Bulls and horses were his animals. HADES. He was ruling the underworld. Also he was the ruler of death but he wasn’t dead. He was god of wealth too. He was controlling precious metals. He could be invisible with his Helmut. He was not an evil god. PALLAS ATHENA ( MINERVA ) she was the daughter of Zeus. She sprang from Zeus’s forehead. She was a battle goddess. Zeus trusted her because she had no mother. That’s why she could have Zeus’s awful aegis and his thunderbolt. She was defending home, civilised life, handcrafts and agriculture. Her tree was olive ( olive tree was created by her) her city was Athena her bird was owl PHOEBUS means brilliant or shining ( APOLLO ) son of Zeus born in Delos. He called the most Greek. Because he had beautiful figure, he was god of truth, the master musician, he played golden lyre, healer,. Basically he had most pretty and ethically good features that every one would like to be, so Greeks called him with that name to honour themselves. He was also called wolf god. Apollo’s oracle played very important place in the stories because of always truth words were coming from them. Castalia was his sacred place, chephisus was his river. His tree was laurel his sacred animals cow and dolphin but also many creatures. ARTEMIS (Diana ) also called Cynthia. twin sister of Apollo. She was one of the maiden goddess, she was the lady of wild things. She was the protector of youth, she was the moon in the sky that’s why she used to call Selene ( Luna ), on earth she was Artemis, goddess of the dark and she had evil magic and she was an awful divinity. APHRODITE (Venus) the goddess of love and beauty, she was the wife of Vulcan. Myrtle was her tree the dove was her bird, the sparrow and swan too, she married with Zeus’s force. Cyprus was her sacred place, that’s why she called Cyprian or Cythera as well. Her absence would cause no love or no joy. Rose also was her flower. She had a deadly and destructive power over men. HERMES he was the Messenger of Zeus. He had wings on his sandals and crown. Because he was so fast that’s why he was the Messenger and master thief too. His first thievery was the day the day he born. He stole Apollo’s lyre. He appears in stories more than any other gods and goddesses its because of his duty as a Messenger of gods. he was the god of commerce and protector of traders. ARES is the god of war. Homer calls him murderous, blood stained curse of mortal he was coward because he would have run away when he wounded. He was the lover of Aphrodite in one story. He was not important god as Apollo or Hera. His bird was vulture. He has no cities. HEPHAUSTUS the god of fire also he was the god of smith and he was doing furniture’s and weapons in his work shop. he was kind peaceful and loving god and married with Aphrodite. All city organisations admitted to Hephaestus. He was the ceremony god too. HESTIA ( Vesta ) she was the sister and virgin goddess as Athena and Artemis. She played no part in myth. She was the goddess of heart. Every meal offered to her and the fire was the cities heart connected to Hestia. Protector of home and family. The paradox about Hestia she was the first swallowed child of coronus that’s why she came out last from Cronus’s stomach when Zeus poisoned him. The maiden gods are Athena, Hestia. Artemis and they were immune to spell of Aphrodite. THE LESSER GODS OF OLYMPUS The most important of them was EROS. Homer does not know about him. Eros idea came with Plato the Greek philosopher not by a poet He is the god of love. For Plato Eros make his home in men’s heart but not in every man. With the idea of Plato Eros was exist and he was the companion of Aphrodite. Later poets were telling that he was Aphrodite’s son. And he was very naughty or even worse. IRIS the goddess of rainbow. And Messenger of the gods in Olympus. THE GRACERS grace sisters. Aglia euphrosyne and thalia. They treated as in one. they were cheering the gods with their dance to Apollo’ lyre. The man they visited was happy. Hebe : The god of youth, daughter of Zeus. She married to Hercules THE MUSES SISTERS they were nine of them. and they were also same as the graces and count as one. Muses were a holly gift to the men. Because when they sing, for a man has sorrow and grief in his soul he would be free from all thoughts and forgets his troubles. In later times each had her own special field. THE GODS OF WATER Poseidon was the lord of the sea. The Mediterranean (friendly sea) and the black sea (unfriendly sea) also underground rivers too. Ocean a titan and was the lord of the river ocean. That was the great river encircling the earth. Neresus he called THE OLD MAN OF THE SEA a trusty god and gentle. For Hesiod he was thinking kindly thoughts and never lies. Triton the trumpeter of the sea Proteus he had the power foretelling the future and of changing of his shape. The naiads they were the nymphs of the water. They dwelt in brooks and spring. UNDER WORLD Tartarus and Erebus: Tartarus deeper of the two Erberus was the dead pass as soon as they die. In Homer under world is shadowy place inhabited. Nothing real and is like a miserable place. Charon ferries the death cross the water only who buried duly with passage money on their lips. Cerberus guard dog of underworld with 3 head and dragon tale. Who let the dead enter but doesn’t let ever out again. Styx the river of unbreakable oath by which gods swear. Lethe the river of forgetfulness, Phlegethon the river of fire. The Enries placed by Virgil where the evil once get punished. DEMETER. The goddess of the corn and she is happy goddess of the summer. Mother of Persephone. She has great importance for the Greek and the roman mythology. The great temple was in Elesius built for her. DIONYSUS. The god of the vine. Also has a big importance fort he roman and the Greek mythology. The dramas set for him and he is the only god could die and come back. Also he brought his mother from death. Pan goat headed ugly but happy god. He is the god of the wilds and the shepherds and the forests. Silenus: He was associated with Bacchus as well as with pan. He was always drunk. Castor and Polux: the protectors of the sailors. The Satyrs: Like pan they were goat-men/ The Centura half man half horse /The Gorgons dragon like creatures. / Gralae 3 grey woman , they had only one eye between them. THE ROMAN GODS Minerva ( Athena) Venus(Aphrodite) Mercury (Hermes) Diana (Diana) Vulcan(Hephaestus) Ceres (Demeter) Apollo and Pluto (Hades) Saturn (Zeus) Dionysus (Bacchus) . THE STORIES DEMETER ( CERES) the goddess of corn and fertile. Persephone her daughter kidnapped by Hades the ruler of underworld. She was very sad and after long time she find out that her daughter was with Hades. But all that time she was sad so the earth effected by the sadness of her. It did cause no wheat or cereal was growing so the man kind was suffering and facing with famine. The gods wasn’t happy with that and Zeus interfere with the situation. They made arrangement that Persephone was going to stay 6 month with Demeter 6 month with Hades. That cause the winter n summer. Although every year they do festive for honour of Demeter in autumn. DIONYSUS (BACCHUS) Dionysus was the last god entered to Olympus. Coz he was son of Zeus n his mother was mortal n he was semi god. Thebes was the city of Dionysus where he born from his mother Semele. She was unfortunate woman because of Hera. Zeus loved her n promised her about Styx river unbreakable oath that he could do anything that she wants. She asked him to see his thunder bolt which is Hera put that in her mind so Zeus did it coz he could not break his oath. She died because of the burning light of thunder bolt so Zeus saved his so Dionysus. So god of vine was born from fire and nursed by rain as hard burning heat that ripens the grapes and rain keeps them plant alive. One day he was captured by pirates, they chained him n he didn’t fight back. Just watched them. Only helmsmen were thinking that he could be god n he cried for him n tell the others set him free. No one listened him. N Dionysus became a lion n all crew went of the board but instantly each of them became a dolphin part from helmsmen coz he was a good man. From his stories we can say the god of wine is beneficent and also can be cruel. It is really suits the god of wines personality as in effect of alcohol that also the same. How the world was created First there was  only darkness and death. After love was born. and love created light with it’s companion Radiant day. No one could explain how all happened it just happened. After love and light earth appeared HOW THE MANKIND WERE CREATED The first creatures were three different kind. Hundred handed and fifty heads they were three. Other three is Cyclopes. And the titans. After the Olympians came from titans. And the gods (Olympians) battled with the titans n took the power. The only titan helped the gods was Prometheus. Story 1: The wise Prometheus chosen to create a man. But his brother Epimetheus gave all good things to the animals. So there was not much left. Prometheus decide to create human in the form of gods so it would be honourable for human. And animals had all protection as such as wings fur paws etc so he gave to the human the fire to use. Story 2 : gods themselves created the man. A) golden race which they were mortal but lived like gods with no sorrow of heart. they were below the gods but after they die the were becoming a pure spirit and guards of living men. B) silver race: they had so little intelligence they could not keep injure each other. their spirits did not live after they die. C) brass race: they were terrible men and such a lover of war and violence. D) god like heroes: who fought in glories wars and went on great adventures. After they die they departed to isles of the blessed that they lived forever. E) iron race: which is still now upon the earth. They lived in evil time so very normal that they are evil too. Golden age there was only men, no women. Zeus created the woman called Pandora and she is the first woman on earth. Zeus created Pandora for punish Prometheus because of his love and interest about the men. Anger of Zeus wasn’t only because Prometheus had stolen the fire for men ; he also tricked Zeus as hiding good part of the sacrifices from Zeus by wrapping the bones with fat and made Zeus chose the bad part. Pandora names meaning is the gift of all. Curiosity of Pandora(women) coz lots of trouble to the world and the men. She was giving a box and spouse to not open but she couldn’t resist and opened it then all bad things came out of it such as plague, suffer, disease ,sorrow . only one good thing left was hope. Punishment Of Prometheus. The reasons of it ; 1) stealing fire 2) trick on Zeus with the bad part of sacrifice. (bones and fat) 3) the prophecy about Zeus that who will kill Zeus known by Prometheus. The conditions made by Zeus to release the Prometheus were 1) one immortal should die for him 2) a mortal need to win the battle against eagle and kill it. Destroying the iron race Zeus finally decide to destroy the iron race and with his brother Poseidon’s help he sent a flood over the world with nine days rain. Obviously Prometheus knew about flood so he told his son Deucalion to build a chest(ship) Deucalion and Pyrrha his niece were in it and they land on the only clear part of earth from flood was Parnassus. Zeus weren’t angry of the event because them two the survivals were faithful prayers to the gods. Then later on there were no one else and they find the temple top ray to the gods for other people so they heard a voice telling them to break the Stones. And all Stones that they chopped turn in to a human in order. Europa: kings Sidon’s daughter. Two continents claimed over her. Asia (formed a woman ) that said she born in Asia and she was belong to Asia and the other one was nameless that the declare Zeus would give the maiden to her. (Europe) Europe’s basket was golden and flowers she was collecting called narcissus, hyacinths, violets and yellow crocus and wild roses. Zeus fell in love with her by cupids shot. Important note about Europe she is also famous in other continents as ion. Polypemus (the Cyclopes) Odysseus and his men had lost while they were on their way back home after the destruction of troy. They came to an island on their way and they decide to sop there for food and drink. He had 12 men. They found a cave n went in the cave and while after the polyp emus came and saw them. He closed the big hence with big rock. No man could open it. He trapped them and he ate 2 of the men of Odysseus even though they claim that they were the guest of Zeus he was not care. Then Odysseus planed the trick to make him drunk and blind him with the red hot spike while he was sleeping. And very next they polyp emus opened the gate and start waiting for catch them while they would escape. But Odysseus was very clever and hide under the sheep’s instead of run away on top of them. Then he shout back to polyp emus after he escape tell everyone that who blind you with arrogance. Flower myths Narcissus very beautiful lady who does not like but himself. He interested with no maiden at all. Echo was in love with him. Echo was favourite of Artemis but she cursed by Hera not to have power of speak first. She could only repeat what she has been told. Narcissus cursed by nemesis and fall in love with his own reflection of water. And he died there. And the flower bloomed and the nymphs gave his name to those flowers. Hyacinths: Apollo’s companion. He died when they were playing the game of throwing the disks. Apollo threw it so fast and killed hyacinths by mistake another story too that zephyr(the west wind) actually caused the death of hyacinths by blowing the disk that Apollo threw and made the disk went faster than spouse to. He did that so out of jealousy. The place where he died the flower bloomed and of bloodstained grass and made his name known forever. This two stories tell us the spring flowers to appear on spring. Adonis the boy Aphrodite loved a lot. And she gave him to Persephone to look after him. Persephone loved him too. Out of them two Zeus decided in to stay in autumn and winter (6 month) with Persephone, and spring and summer with Aphrodite (6month) one day he died when he was on earth and where his blood dropped the flower appear called as Adonis The love of Cupid and psyche The youngest daughter of a kings three daughters. She called psyche. And she was even more beautiful than Aphrodite and she was jealous . she told cupid to make her fall in love with on ugly creature. Cupid went to do so but he fell in love with psyche. But psyche didn’t fell in love with him so no men with her. So she was destined to be alone. Her father by Apollo’s oracle told to take her to hill. for wait there her destined husband. And cupid came n pick her up from there. They got married but in one condition that she was not allowed to look at him. One night she has been forced by her sisters n be came curious about seeing  his face for to do that she tried but get caught by cupid n the trust between them already broken. Cupid told her there could be no love when there is no trust. So he left her and she was so upset that she lost the god of love. To get him back she decide to go n see Aphrodite. But Aphrodite gave her four tasks to do. 1) separate the seeds and ants helped her on this mission. That’s why Aphrodite didn’t count that has accomplished. And gave her another task 2) bring the golden wool. She is given the clever idea by nymph that’s why the task didn’t count by Aphrodite. Another task giving 3) get some black water of Styx and the eagle helped her this time. Aphrodite wasn’t happy at all so gave her the fourth task 4) bring the box filled with charm by Persephone. While she was taking the box back to Aphrodite she was curious and looked in the box which is she was forbidden and she poisoned by sleep. Cupid came and save her by waking her up from her sleep. And they live happy. Pyramus and Thisbe The mulberry tree was white and turn into red after two lovers mistaken and taken their own life with their own hands. They died under the white mulberry tree. The story is similar to the story of Romeo and Juliet. Orpheus and Erupice Athena invented the flute but never played. Orpheus was the best musician. Mother side he was more than a mortal. His mother was a muse. After he married with Eurydice she died and he went to underworld and softened the heart of Hades. Hades allowed him to take his wife back to the world but only one condition that he has to walk front and wife needed to follow behind Orpheus. He wasn’t allowed to look back until she leave underworld gate. But soon as Orpheus went out the gate of underworld he turned back to check his wife was there or not. Unluckily she was still behind the gate and he lost her. Ceyx and Alcyone Ceyx a king in Thessaly was the son of Lucifer. The light bearer. His wife was Alcyone. She was the daughter of wind. (king Aelius) Ceyx had a plan to go cross the sea. And he went into storm while he was sailing. (god of sleep Cimmerians in a deep valley the sun never shines and dusky all things in shadows) Alcyone was praying to Hera and goddess was touched. Morpheus son of sleep god went Alcyone’s dream and she saw him in her dream and he show things about her husband Ceyx’s death. After she cried the gods made them both birds that fly together over the sea since then the sea gets calm in winters for 7 days. And the days called Alcyone days or Halcyone days. Pygmalion and Galatea. Pygmalion gifted sculpture of Cyprus named Pygmalion. He had felt in love with statue he made. Venus found that interesting and she gave the statue a soul on the feast day of Venus. He was so happy and they had son so they gave him the name Paphos the favourite city of Venus. Baucis and Philemon. The story proves immeasurable power of the gods and their rewards to the humble and the religious people. Zeus and Hermes went into poor human form and they were testing people by knocking their doors and asking for hospitality. And no one helped them part from the old couple called Baucis and Philemon. They were very poor but still very exited to have guests in their house. Zeus and Hermes was very happy with the treatment they received by this couple and they told them that they were pair of gods. From that point zeus asked them what they want to be rewarded with. Baucis and Philemon said we would like to be your priest and the guardians of temple and also we want to live together and die together. And that wish came through for them. Daphne. She is another person that who hate love and marriage. She said to been Apollo’s first love. It is not strange that she runaway from Apollo. Because of many other maiden either had to kill her child or killed her self. And that was even worse than death. In other hand she didn’t want any mortal lovers either. She wanted to be virgin like Diana (Artemis). But Apollo saw her and every thing ended for her. Apollo started chasing her and she did start running away from him. She saw her father’s river and she asked help from her father (the river god Peneus). That moment bark (agac kabugu) start enclosing her and leaves were sprouting. She turned into a tree laurel. Apollo watched the transformation and since then laurel was his tree. Alpheus and Arethusa in Sicily there was sacred spring called Arethusa. She was not a water or water nymph. Arethusa loved hunting and freedom of the forest like Artemis. She did not interest with men. One day she was swimming and she heard a voice and runaway with fear. The voice told her stop and said I am the god of river Alpheus and I love you. But she did not want anything about him or love. Arethusa called her god Artemis and Artemis changed her into a spring of water. And she went to Sicily from Greece by a tunnel under the sea. But it was not enough to stop Alpheus the god of river. The Quest of the Golden Fleece This is the story of finding the golden fleece without knowing whether it is exist or not. There was no highway part from lakes, rivers and the sea. The story begins with the king Athamas who rired of his wife and left her to get marry another one called princess Ino. First wife Nephele was worried her two children, specially the boy Phrixus. She thought that king’s new wife would kill him to take throne for her son and she was right. She planned to bribe oracle to say the king if Phrixus not sacrificed there would be no crops or corn. People force to king for phrixus sacrifice. Then the golden fleece take them away. I the story amazons also appear their mother is peaceful nymph Harmony but their father is Ares . Phaeton, the son of sun. He went to visit his father. And he ask to work sun for a day. and it did cause his death. There after he became a poplar tree. Pegasus and Bellerophon after bellerophon killed his brother he left the country he is from and went to the kingdom of Argos the king Proetus. Wife of Proetus fell in love with Bellerophon. But bellerophon had no interest so she was very angry and told her husband that he tried to be with her. Proetus could not kill him because he was his guest and set a plan to kill him in other kingdom. Proetus sent him to kill a dragon like animal in Lycian kingdom. Before he go he went to oracles and they told him stay one night in temple. When he was sleeping in temple the gods gave him Pegasus. He flew to Lycia and he killed the creature. then king of lycia sent him also to do a task in Amazon. When he finish this and many other task the king made him married with his youngest daughter. After all success he had he start thinking that he is even better than the god. This thought took anger of gods and they made him fell from Pegasus while he was flying and of course he died after. Daedalus he was the architect who made the labyrinth in Crete. So he help the Athenians to escape from there and there for the king put him in prison in the labyrinth with his son. He found the way again to escape from there and made wings from wax. He told his son not to fly to high because closer the sun would be warm and would melt. But when they were flying away his son didn’t care and flew higher and finally the wings melt and he fell in to the sea and die after. Perseus King Acrisus of Argos had only a daughter and king went to ask oracles will he able to have a son. They told him no and the worse thing is they said you will be killed by your grand son. So he put his daughter in a deep prison to stop the prophecy. But she had a child from Zeus and she called him Perseus. He had Pegasus and killed Medusa. While after King Acrisus was in athletic contests and the discus thrown by Peseus kild him and prophecy became true. His been killed by his grandson. Theseus is Hercules cousin. He was willing to become a hero quick as possible. He visit his father Aegeus. Then he went to crete for contest that to kill bull headed creature in Labyrinth that Daedalus made. Ariadne the princes fell in love with him gave the thread to open it when he walks in the labyrinth so he could follow back when he finish his task in there. He killed the bull headed creature and came out. With Ariadne he was coming back to homeland but he forget to put black flag down and put the white one up. So his father could understand he is still a live but his father saw the black flag up and he tought his son was dead. Then he threw him self from the cliff and died. Since then the sea called Aegean sea. Hercules, Son of Zeus. He was thinking that he is equal to the gods. The reason behind that, the gods needed his help for conquering the giants. He defeat the giants and help gods that even could not do by them selves. It was fortune that no living thing in the air, sea or land could kill him. He could be overcome only by a super natural force. Which is Hera did at the end. He was not intelligent as the other heroes but he was most powerful of them and the only undefeatable one by living. Hera was very jealous and always determined to kill him. Hera tried to kill him first time when Hercules was a year old. Then she tried till Hercules died. Atalanta The first case concerns a huntress named Atalanta who raced against a suitor named Melanion. Melanion used golden apples to distract Atalanta so that he could win the race. The day, Atalanta born her father abandoned her on a wild mountain. She was taking care by Artemis. She grew by a bear. When she grown her father claim for her and want to marry her. She accept it but only in one condition that is who ever wants to marry with her need to win the foot race. But if the suitor lose the race they would die. Melanion realized that is no one could defeat her in a normal way so he prayed to Aphrodite. She gave him three golden apple and told him throw them during the race so it could slow Atalanta down. With this trick he won the race and they get married. While after they turned into pair of lions because of upsetting gods. The judgement of Paris. the evil goddess of discord, Eris was not popular in Olympus. There was an important wedding party, that of king Peleus and sea nymph Thetis. All other gods were invited but Eris was not. She determined to make a trouble and she succeeded. She threw in to the banqueting hall a golden apple marked for the fairest! Of course all goddess wanted it. But at the end only Hera, Aphrodite and Athena remain. They asked Zeus to judge between them. Clever Zeus refused it. He told them to go to Paris for the judgement. He was a shepherd. He was an excellent judge of beauty. Hera promised to make him the lord of Europe and Asia. Athena said that you will lead the Trojan to victory against the Greeks. Aphrodite offered him the fairest woman should be his. And he gave the apple to Aphrodite. The judgement of Paris was the real reason of Trojan War. The Trojan War: Helen was the fairest woman in the world. She was married with a king of Sparta Menelaus brother of Agamemnon. Aphrodite told him Helen is the fairest women on earth. Paris visited Menelaus and Helen and he took her with himself when he was going back to Troy. Menelaus called upon all Greece to help him in the war against Troy and get his wife back. Also he wanted Odysseus and Achilles with him. the reason behind that Odysseus is the most clever and Achilles was the biggest hero at that time. Odysseus didn’t want to go for a war. He pretended therefore, as a mental. But the messengers tricked him by taking his sons and threatened him that they would kill them so he obeyed them and he went with them. Achilles also didn’t want to go and therefore he dressed like a woman in palace. And Odysseus tricked him by taking a lot of dresses with pair of guns. When the real girls were interested of the clothes he chose to look at the weapons so Odysseus find out that he was Achilles. Whose side the Gods were? Aphrodite, Ares, Artemis and Apollo was side of Paris, Poseidon, Hera and Athena was side of Greeks. Zeus was neuter.