Largest Cities Throughout History

In order to understand how civilizations have evolved over time, its useful to look at population growth and decline in different geographic areas.   Tertius Chandlers compilation of the population of cities throughout history,  Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census  uses a wide variety of  historical sources to locate approximate populations for the worlds largest cities since 3100 BCE. Its a daunting task to try to calculate how many people lived in urban centers prior to recorded history. Even though the Romans were the first to conduct a census, requiring every Roman man to register every five years, other societies were not as diligent about tracking their populations. Widespread plagues, natural disasters with a large loss of life and wars that decimated societies (from both the aggressor and the conquered points of view)  often provide unfortunate clues to historians for a given populations size.   But with few written records, and very little uniformity among societies that may be hundreds of miles apart, trying to determine whether Chinas pre-modern era cities were more populous than Indias, for instance, is no easy task. Counting Pre-Census Population Growth The challenge for Chandler and other historians is the lack of formal census-taking before the 18th century. His approach was to look at smaller pieces of data to try to create a clear picture of populations. This included examining travelers estimates, data on the numbers of households within cities, the numbers of food wagons arriving in cities and the size of each city or states military. He looked at church records  and the loss of lives in disasters. Many of the figures  Chandler presented can only be considered rough approximations of the urban population, but most  include the city and surrounding suburban or urbanized area. What follows is a list of the largest city at each point in history since 3100 BCE.  It lacks population data for many cities but does provide a list of the largest cities throughout time. By looking at the first and second lines of the table, we see that Memphis remained the largest city in the world from at least 3100 BCE to 2240 BCE when Akkad claimed the title. City Year Became No. 1 Population Memphis, Egypt 3100 BCE Well over 30,000 Akkad, Babylonia (Iraq) 2240 Lagash, Babylonia (Iraq) 2075 Ur, Babylonia (Iraq) 2030 BCE 65,000 Thebes, Egypt 1980 Babylon, Babylonia (Iraq) 1770 Avaris, Egypt 1670 Nineveh, Assyria (Iraq) 668 Alexandria, Egypt 320 Pataliputra, India 300 Xian, China 195 BCE 400,000 Rome 25 BCE 450,000 Constantinople 340 CE 400,000 Istanbul CE Baghdad 775 CE first over 1 million Hangzhou, China 1180 255,000 Beijing, China 1425- 1500 1.27 million London, United Kingdom 1825-1900 first over 5 million New York 1925-1950 first over 10 million Tokyo 1965-1975 first over 20 million Here are the top cities by population from the year 1900: Name Population London 6.48 million New York 4.24 million Paris 3.33 million Berlin 2.7 million Chicago 1.71 million Vienna 1.7 million Tokyo 1.5 million St. Petersburg, Russia 1.439 million Manchester, UK 1.435 million Philadelphia 1.42 million And here are the top 10 cities by population for the year 1950 Name Population New York 12.5 million London 8.9 million Tokyo 7 million Paris 5.9 million Shanghai 5.4 million Moscow 5.1 million Buenos Aires 5 million Chicago 4.9 million Ruhr, Germany 4.9 million Kolkata, India 4.8 million In the modern era, its much easier to track things like birth, death and marriage certificates, especially in countries that conduct census surveys on a regular basis. But its fascinating to consider how large cities grew and shrunk before there were means to measure them.

Mental Illness Rehab in Macbeth by William Shakespeare

In Macbeth it went insomnia, hallucinations, and depression. All common symptoms of a mental disorder, luckily they all have cures. There’s millions of mental disorders, some more common than others, all still take a huge place within mental illness, which doesn’t make them any less important than any other illness. The topic is mental illness, sit down and explain the problem, causes of said mental illness, effects of said mental illnesses, and the solutions to nail it down. The problem that’s clear and at hand is insomnia, hallucinations, and depression. In one way or another, these mental illnesses can be linked together. Depression is a normal chemical imbalance in your brain. When feelings get intense; such as helpless, hopeless, and feeling worthless, it adds to depression. Depression may very well be clinical depression, in which medicines would be needed. Signs of depression consist of; feelings of worthlessness, guilt, impaired concentration, fatigue, an d in worse cases, thoughts of death or suicides. You may not even know you have it. Depression is almost like the common cold. â€Å"A hallucination is a perception of something that’s not really there.†(Staff). A hallucination can be through smell, sight, hearing, taste, and touch. There are also several types of hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, visual, gustatory, and tactile hallucinations. â€Å"Some hallucinations may not even be a mental illness† (Staff). Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by

Good Agriculture Practices Free Essays

AGRICULTURE AND MAN PRT2008 (KUMP 45) GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES (GAP) IN MALAYSIA PROF . ZAHARAH ABDUL RAHMAN GROUP MEMBERS †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ NORAFIZZA BT MAHAT NUR AMIRA HANIM BT AZMAN CHAN WEE ANN LIEW HUI QING JIVITHA THANARAJAN 169797 168494 169638 168358 161812 INTRODUCTION †¢ The term Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) can refer to any collection of specific methods, which when applied to agriculture, produce results that are in harmony with the values of the proponents of those practices. †¢ There are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices†, so whether a practice can be onsidered â€Å"good† will depend on the standards you are applying. We will write a custom essay sample on Good Agriculture Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ Lets us look at one particular definition of â€Å"Good Agricultural Practices† as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations †¢ Description of the UN FAO GAPs : i) Good Agricultural Practices are a collection of principles to apply for on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability. ii) GAPs may be applied to a wide range of farming systems and at different scales. They are applied through sustainable agricultural methods, such as integrated pest management, integrated fertilizer management and conservation agriculture. †¢ GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA 1. Animal health ? Prevent the spread of disease onto the farm †¢ Animals that are identified of their disease status can only be allowed to be brought onto the farm. †¢ Cattle transport on and off the farm that do not carry any disease have to be ensured. †¢ The farm must have secure boundaries/fencing. †¢ If possible, limit access of people and wildlife into the farm. Have a flea control programme for the livestock. †¢ Only use clean equipment from the right and reliable source. ? Use only prescribed chemicals and veterinary medicines for farm usage †¢ Use chemicals according to instructions with appropriate dosages and observe suitable withholding periods. †¢ Only use prescribed veterinary medicines by veterinarians and observe specified withhol ding periods. †¢ Store chemicals and veterinary medicines securely and dispose of them properly. ? Train people appropriately †¢ Have procedures in check for detecting and handling sick animals and veterinary chemicals. Make sure all people are undergo sufficient training to carry out their tasks correctly. †¢ Choose reliable sources for advice. 2. Milking hygiene ? Ensure milking procedures do not injure cows or contaminate the produced milk †¢ Ensure suitable udder preparation for milking. †¢ Ensure consistency in application of milking techniques. †¢ Isolate milk from sick or treated animals. †¢ Ensure milking equipment is correctly installed and maintained. †¢ Ensure enough supply of clean water ? Ensure milking is carried out under hygienic conditions †¢ Ensure housing environment is clean at all times. Ensure milking area is kept clean. †¢ Ensure the milkers follow basic hygiene rules. 3. Animal feeding and water ? Ensure anima l feed and water are of high level of quality †¢ Keeping animals healthy with high quality feed. †¢ Prevent water supplies and animal feed materials from chemical contamination. †¢ Avoid chemical contamination due to farming practices. ? Control storage conditions of feed †¢ No microbiological or toxin contamination or undesirable use of prohibited feed ingredients or veterinary preparations. †¢ Keeping animals healthy with good quality feed. 4. Animal welfare Animals are free from thirst, hunger and malnutrition †¢ Provide enough feed (forage and/or fodder) and water daily. †¢ Control stocking rates and/or supplementary feeding to ensure sufficient water, feed and fodder supply. †¢ Protect animals from toxic plants and other harmful substances. †¢ Provide water supplies of good quality that are regularly inspected and maintained. ? Animals are free from pain, injury and disease †¢ Have an effective herd health management programme i n place and inspect animals regularly. †¢ Protect against imbalance. †¢ Lactating animals should be milked regularly. Avoid using procedures and practices that cause unnecessary pain to the animals. 5. Environment ? Have a correct waste management system. †¢ Ensure wastes are stored to reduce the risk of environmental pollution to the lowest level. †¢ Manage grassland to prevent effluent runoff by spreading farm manures appropriate with local condition. ? Ensure dairy farming practices do not have an adverse impact on the local environment †¢ Use chemicals (fertilizers, agricultural and veterinary chemicals, pesticides, etc) appropriately to avoid contamination of the local environment. Ensure overall appearance of the dairying operation is appropriate for a facility in which high quality food is produced 6. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) ?Takes into account the ecological factors and plant biology to minimize pest population to a minimum level without cau sing economic loss. †¢ Biological Control Pest control refers to the use of natural enemies that can influence growth, breeding and control of the pest population at a balance level. †¢ Cultural Control Cultural control is an agronomic practice used by farmers to increase their production. The followings are examples of cultural practices : a. Adopt and practice field hygiene, including in the surrounding areas, such as weeding and disposal of agricultural wastes (collect and destroy rotten fruits and diseased plant parts) b. Use of disease free planting materials c. Soil treatment like liming d. Pruning of pest infected plant parts e. Crop rotation f. Ploughing g. Use of resistant varieties h. Water management i. Selection of suitable sites j. Use of organic fertilizers to improve soil structure and soil †¢ Chemical Control 1. Chemical control covers the use of the following chemicals: i. Pesticides ii. Biopesticides like azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis 2. Chemical attractants like i. Pheromones ii. Protein bait 3. The use of chemicals must be based on the following factors: i. Chemicals are used only when the pest population had reached or exceeded the economic threshold value ii. Do not use broad spectrum pesticides iii. If pesticides are to be used, the usage shall be minimum and environmentally friendly iv. The use of pesticides should be the last alternative for pest control Examples of Integrated Pest Management i. Pest Control for Bananas (Moko disease and Panama wilt) a. Use of disease free plantlets sourced through tissue culture and treatment of the planting materials if not sourced by tissue culture b. Monitoring and destruction of diseased plants c. Crop rotation and follow d. Farm equipments should be treated and free from pests before use e. Good drainage f. Prevention by spraying benomyl †¢ Control of Tungro (Penyakit Merah Virus) of Paddy a. Inspection of disease and vectors b. Planting of resistant varieties c. Simultaneous planting d. Eliminate source of disease and alternative hosts e. Good drainage and land preparation f. Use certified paddy seeds g. Use of pesticides to control vector (Nephotettix virescens) when there is an outbreak of the disease h. Implement the recommended fertilizer programme 7. Site Management The farm should have a Crop-Soil Suitability Map, for the following purposes:a. To ensure only crops which are suitable are planted in the farm. b. To identify the types of soil limitations and to make suggestions on their remedial actions for optimum crop production c. To obtain high and quality yield, e. g. ased on topography and agroclimatic zone, mango is suitable for planting in the States of Kedah, Perlis and Melaka. †¢ Factors taken into consideration for evaluating CropSoil Suitability are: a. Depth of soil b. Depth to acid sulphate layer c. Drainage d. Nutrient content e. Thickness of organic horizon f. Salinity g. Slope h. Soil texture/structure i. Stoniness Land Management: Terrace E xample of A Corporation Which Practices GAP Example of A Corporation Which Practices GAP †¢ Sime Darby Plantation possess a strong commitment to sustainable development as shown through its plantation business. Sime Darby Plantation is one member of the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and has adopted the best of industrial techniques into its daily operations. †¢ Sime Darby Plantation acts as an industry leader in Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). †¢ The good agriculture practices implemented by Sime Darby are as follows :i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Land management Water management Zero burning replanting technique Integrated pest management Palm oil mill effluent treatment system High conservation value forest in the estates Biodiversity Quality assurance THANK YOU How to cite Good Agriculture Practices, Papers

The Economic Consequences of Non Financial Information Reporting

Question: Disccuss about the Economic Consequences of Non Financial Information Reporting. Answer: Introduction Non-financial reporting involves the report by accumulating and revealing data on non-financial features of a companys performance, together with ecological, societal, worker and virtuous matters, and defining measurements, indicators and sustainability goals based on the companys approach. Non-Financial Data is playing an important role in decision making. The impression clasps aimed at in-house judgment making within companies as well as aimed at the verdict making of shareholders. Nowadays Administration and patrons both want trustworthy data for their judgement making and henceforth, records management, reporting and revelation of non-financial information is gaining push, with numerous companies today. Disparate results of reporting on pecuniary information, effects of non-financial reporting are still relatively new, and no generally accepted principles are yet accessible. Nature of Non-Financial Information. Non-Financial information means sustainability, corporate social responsibility, environmental social and governance, social performance, green banking disclosures, Let us discuss about these elements of non-financial information:- Sustainability means the capability to create and maintain well-defined process or approach indeterminately. There are three types of sustainability which are commercial sustainability, societal sustainability and ecological sustainability. Commercial sustainability means to maintain the definite level of economic assembly indeterminately. Societal sustainability means to maintain the social well-being at definite level for indeterminate period. Ecological sustainability means to preserve the proportions of renewable resources as well as non-renewable resources depletion indeterminately. Corporate social responsibility means projects and programs or activities such as eradicating hunger, poverty and malnutrition, promoting healthcare, promoting education, gender equality, ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, animal welfare, measures for benefit of armed forces veterans, training to promote recognised sports, Paralympic sports and Olympics sports. Corporate social responsibility also includes projects and program also activities which are mentioned above undertaken by the board of directors of a company(Board) in pursuance of recommendations of the CSR committee of the board as per declared CSR policy of the company subject to the condition that such policy will cover the above mentioned subjects. By integration CSR activities with with their organisational operations business achieve the balance of social, ecological and monetary. Reporting Manner of Non-financial information How these non-financial information is reported is a big question. First of all management should be aware of what kind of information is worth to report. They should know the features of information which needs to be reported. Before discussing how to report non-financial information let us know discuss the attributes of non-financial information first: Features of non-financial information business reporting:- The information which has been presented should be unaffectedly explanatory. The information should include proactive elements which will increase the understanding. The information should appropriate and well-timed and substantial. The information should define companys plans and related threats and prospects. The information should also explain panels part in evaluating the plans and controlling of threats and prospects. The information should be easily available and correctly united by means of additional data that assists stakeholders to get the entire depiction of the corporation. The information should be unprejudiced in its application where it is used and confirmation grounded where it is not functional. Reporting of non-financial information has become very important in todays corporate world. It is beneficial for the company as well as it is beneficial for the investors clients and public at large to know the position of the entity. To present non-financial information most of the organisations report on generally four matters. These matters can be discussed as follows:- Monetarist Ecological Societal Societal (exclusive of Workers) Most of the organisations recorded top on monetary aspect, which stayed mostly due towards the reporting of elementary pecuniary presentation. The ultimate essential zones of conservational data is emanations seepage and discarded includes co2 emanations. This information is often required by the regulatory authorities to know the environmental impact of the business activity of the organisation. Social information(exclusive of worker) includes quantum of activities which involves social well-being of the people like, organisation efforts in rural development, development of education system, providing essential help to the armed forces. Organisation have report on these matters to regulatory authorities. Report on social matters includes satisfaction of employees, work culture, benefits to employees, training to employees for enhancing their skill and knowledge (Arsuay, 2017). Consequences of non-financial information reporting Non-financial info has additional elongated tenure emphasis than financial information. Monetary info normally emphasis on yearly besides diminutive tenure performance of accounting pointers. Financial information do not presents quality of work, clients happiness, goodwill, effectiveness and human topics. For extended tenure and sustainability in a competitive environment and to accomplish business desired aim bearing in mind the non-financial data in judgement creation is decisive. Administration be able to use the non-financial data aimed at upcoming accounting and inconsistency scrutiny. The non-financial data also helps to know the inside performance and amount the wage earner and client contentment. There will be the straight effect on the probable monetary aims which can be clarified below:- When workers of an entity are happy with the employers and the work culture where they are working they will work efficiently and will give their services, they will try to finish the work before deadline, and in the result clients will be happy with company and they will rely more on the company and will provide more work to the organisation (Business.org , 2017). Advantages of non-financial reporting at glance Interest, Preserve and conserve gratified staff. Helps in management of risk. Helps to save resources. Aids in decreasing operating costs. Improves effectiveness and efficiency. Increase customer, shareholder and investors trust. Improves the goodwill of the company. It makes the organisation capable to do things differently in compare to their competitors. It helps the organisation grab new business opportunities. Improves associations with clients and investors. Enhance brand image of the organisation. Helps in building a good clientele. Helps in knowing internal environment of the organisation. Apart from so many advantages there are many disadvantages too of non-financial information. Let us discuss those limitations in details. First disadvantage include budget and period. Time is very crucial nowadays, administrations spends a lot of time in identifying the important non-financial information. Another disadvantage is non-financial information does not have in unit of measurement like some information can be measured in fractions, some in amount and some in idiosyncratic means (Globaltfi, 2017) Other disadvantage may include missing of correct link, means company spent time in finding out level of client happiness rather than client trustworthiness. Another disadvantage will include the numerical dependability. This can be explained with the example suppose the market survey has been done for client satisfaction some will be interested in the survey other may not, hence not providing the correct statistics. Non-financial reporting has become very essential part of the companies nowadays as it has become very important for the investors clients and stakeholders to know the performance of companies in these areas because they are included matters in for companys image which have accountability to the stakeholders. It can initiate sustainability development and add towards the growth of superior commercial exercise (Henry, 2017). Disclosure of non-financial matters should be made in order to know business position. Disclosure of financial data is not sufficient meant for knowing the companys performance. From financial statements, financial information are easily available. Financial information generally includes liquidity of a firm, monetary arrangement, performance, success of the company. By including only financial matters we will not be able to know the synchronicity of organisation with the society, environment, its industrial growth, workers happiness, well-being plus security at work. Pecuniary information does not provide us with investment the company has made on its employees their skill knowledge and competency, also they do not highlight the matters that can provide us with the information such as corporations flaws, its market share, client happiness, different products, quality regulator costs, division growth etc. On the other hand revelations of non-financial information helps in development aimed at innovative kinds of exploration called to be additional monetary exploration. Hence entity performance is no more acclimatised by financial information only. But by the composite of incorporeal means formed through the preceding doings of the entity. There are numerous transnational guidelines have been introduced for non-financial information disclosures, some of them are as follows:- OECD guidelines for multinational entities. Global reporting initiative. ISO26000 ILO core conventions. European commission instruction (Business .org , 2017). Economic consequences of the Information (capital market and debt market) Share bazaars are obsessed by stakeholder soppiness, which on the other hand is obsessed by the several non-financial occasions like macro-economic issues, societal and green fluctuations in all over the world. Very important distress in the capital market all over the world was the European debt crunch and this is associated with non-financial reporting. Therefore issue regarding this issues are seen as the most significant issue that are affecting the markets The financial and non-financial information which are being disclosed in the certified audited financial statements of the company reveals the entire picture of the company. Investors are being highly interested in knowing this information as they will get to know position of the company they are investing in. On the other hand not only investors or clients are affected by these information, markets are also affected by these information reporting. Share prices in stock gets regulated by the overall position of the company. Debt market is also affected by the revelations of these information (Fraga) Corporate revelation is important for working of effective capital market. Organisation gives info via controlled pecuniary report which includes financial statements, footnotes management discussion, non-financial information and other guiding conclusions. Debt market means a market where debt instrument are operated. Debt instrument will be the asset in the hands of holder of debt instrument, where holder gets the fixed payment along with the interest payments. Corporate bonds are the example of debt market. Information provided in the certified financial statement highly effect the debt market as holder of the debt instrument will get to know the paying back capability of the borrower as well as from financial statements one get to know debt market situation of the company (Business intelligence providers, 2017). On the other hand Capital market are those market where long extended term debt or equity supported securities are operated. Capital market distributes the household saving of stakeholder and use it in a protracted term fruitful use such as companies and government making long term savings. Disclosures of financial and non-financial information in certified financial statement also show the capital structure of the company and forewarned the investors regarding the capital structure of the company (Edelwiss, 2017). Conclusion: From this report we get to know about the nature of non-financial information which includes sustainability, corporate social responsibility, environmental information etc. non-financial information plays an important role in decision making by the shareholders and investors or the users of financial information in regard to the company. There are also many advantages of reporting of non-financial information which we have discussed earlier like, it helps in management of risk, have to save resources, helps in building a good clientele, helps in knowing the internal environment in the company etc. Apart from the advantages there are many limitation too in reporting of non-financial information like time and cost in identifying the relevant non-financial information. But if one is aware of the attributes of the significant information to be revealed it will be advantageous. Disclosure of non-financial information have become essential nowadays it not only win the trust of clients work ers and investors but also helps the organisation to improves its brand image and win the new and greater work opportunities. Financial information only shows the financial aspects of the company its liquidity, profitability etc. But disclosure of non-financial information also shows the business and customers associations, internal working environment, its effort regarding environment friendly activities, its social connections in public interest etc. Hence non-financial information disclosure is necessary along with financial information disclosure as it will help to know the entire position of the company. References. Business intelligence providers. (2017).Importance of non financial information. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/bquteam/the-importance-of-non-financial-information-in-decision-making [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Buiness.org. (2017).Non financial reporting. [online] Available at: https://business.un.org/en/documents/8842[Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Henriques, A (2017).Reporting on non financial information. [online] Available at: https://www.henriques.info/downloads/Reporting%20of%20Non-Financial%20Information%20FINAL.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Global Reporting. (2017).Non fiancial reproting. [online] Available at:https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Non-financial_reporting/$FILE/Climate%20change_Non%20financial%20reporting.pdf [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Arsuay , A. (2017).Effect of nonfiancial information. [online] Available at: https://iremjournal.com/article/download/5000129380/5000118588 [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. GLobaltfi. (2017).Disclosures of non financial information. [online] Available at:https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/technical-activities/technical-resources-search/2011/january/ec-disclosure-non-financial.html [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Harper coloins canada. (2017).Corporate social responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.harpercollins.ca/about-us/corporate-social-responsibility [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Fraga . J(2017).Corporate social responsibility. [online] Available at: https://www.jfraga.com/csrreports.htm [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Edelweiss. (2017).Debt capital market. [online] Available at:https://www.edelweissfin.com/FinancialServices/CapitalMarkets/InvestmentBanking/DebtCapitalMarkets.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Henry, K (2017).Impact on non financial reporting. [online] Available at:https://www.environmentalleader.com/2015/08/impact-of-the-eu-directive-on-non-financial-reporting/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Simmons and simmons. (2017).Non financial reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.elexica.com/en/legal-topics/corporate-governance-and-compliance/040117-disclose-non-financial-board-diversity-info [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Source Intelligence. (2017).Non disclosure financial requirements. [online] Available at: https://www.sourceintelligence.com/additional-non-financial-disclosure-requirements-companies-effect-year/ [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Business and human rights. (2017).Company non financial reporting. [online] Available at:https://business-humanrights.org/en/eu-requirements-on-companies-non-financial-reporting-2014 [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Capital market. (2017).Debt capital market. [online] Available at:https://www.edelweissfin.com/FinancialServices/CapitalMarkets/InvestmentBanking/DebtCapitalMarkets.aspx [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. CSR . (2017).Sustainablity. [online] Available at: https://www.csreurope.org/mantra [Accessed 9th April. 2017]. Banking and finance. (2017).Non financial reporting [online] Available at:https://ec.europa.eu/finance/company-reporting/non-financial_reporting/index_en.htm [Accessed 9th April. 2017].